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During the early twentieth century there was considerable interest in these new synthetic materials. Phenol-formaldehyde (¡°bakelite¡±) was introduced in 1905 and about the time of the second World War materials such as nylon, polyethylene and acrylic (¡°Perspex¡±) appeared on the scene. Unfortunately many of the early applications for plastics earned them a reputation as being cheap substitutes. It has taken them a long time to overcome this image but nowadays the special properties of plastics are being appreciated which is establishing them as important materials in their own right. The ever increasing use of plastics in all kinds of applications means that it is essential for designers and engineers to become familiar with the range of plastics available and the types of performance characteristics to be expected so that they can be used to the best advantage. ¶þÊ®ÊÀ¼Í³õ£¬ÈËÃÇÊ®·Ö¹Ø×¢ÕâЩкϳɲÄÁÏ¡£·ÓÈ©Ê÷Ö¬£¨¡°µçľ·Û¡±£©ÓÚ1905ÄêÎÊÊÀ£¬´óÔ¼ÔÚµÚ¶þ´ÎÊÀ½ç´óÕ½ÆÚ¼äÏóÄáÁú¡¢¾ÛÒÒÏ©ºÍ±ûÏ©ËáÀࣨ¡°Óлú²£Á§¡±£©µÄ²ÄÁÏÏà¼Ì³öÏÖ¡£¿ÉϧËÜÁϵÄÐí¶àÔçÆÚÓ¦ÓôøÀ´µÄÊÇÁ®¼Û´úÓÃÆ·µÄÃûÉù¡£ÕâÖÖÓ¡Ï󻨷ÑÁ˳¤¾ÃµÄʱ¼ä²Å±»Ïû³ý£¬µ«Èç½ñ£¬ËÜÁϵÄÌØÐÔÕýÔÚ±»ÈËÃÇÈÏʶµ½£¬¶øËÜÁÏÒ²ÕýÔÚÈ·Á¢ËüÃÇ×÷ÎªÖØÒª²ÄÁϵĵØÎ»¡£ËÜÁÏÔÚ¸÷ÖÖÓ¦ÓÃÖеÄÓÃ;²»¶ÏÔö¼Ó£¬ÕâÒâζ×ŶÔÓÚÉè¼ÆÊ¦ºÍ¹¤³ÌʦÀ´Ëµ£¬Í¨ÏþËÜÁÏÓ¦Óõķ¶Î§ºÍÔ¤ÆÚµÄÐÔÄÜÌØÕ÷ÊÇÊ®·Ö±ØÒªµÄ£¬ÒÔÖÂÄÜÒÔ×îºÃµÄ·½Ê½ÀûÓÃËüÃÇ¡£

The words ¡°polymers¡± and ¡°plastics¡± are often taken as synonymous but in fact there is a distinction. The polymer is the pure material which results form the process of polymerisation and is usually taken as the family name for materials which have long chain-like molecules and this includes rubber. Pure polymers are seldom used on their own and it is when additives are present that the term plastic is applied. Polymers contain additives for a number of reasons. In some cases impurities are present as a result of the polymerisation additives such as stabilisers, lubricants, fillers, pigments, etc., are added to enhance the properties of the material.

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There are two important classes of plastics: ÓÐÁ½ÖÖÖØÒªÀà±ðµÄËÜÁÏ£º Thermoplastic materials. In a thermoplastic material the long chain-like molecules are held together by relatively weak Van der Waals forces. A useful image of the structure is a mass of randomly distributed long strands of sticky wool. When the material is heated the intermolecular forces are weakened so that is becomes soft and flexible and eventually, at high temperatures, it is a viscous melt. When the material is allowed to cool it solidifies again. This cycle of softening by heat and solidifying when cooled can be repeated more or less indefinitely and is a definite advantage in that it is the basis of most processing methods for these materials. It does have its drawbacks, however, because it means that the properties of thermoplastics are heat sensitive. A useful analogy which is often used to describe these materials is that like candle wax they can be repeatedly softened by heat and will solidify when cooled.

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Examples of thermoplastics are polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, nylon, cellulose acetate, acetal, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate and polypropylene.

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Thermosetting materials. A thermosetting material is produced by a chemical reaction which has two stages. The first stage results in the formation of long chain-like molecules similar to those present in thermoplastics, but still capable of further reaction. The second stage of the reaction takes place during moulding, usually under the application of heat and pressure. The resultant moulding will be rigid when cooled but a close network structure has been set up within the material. During the second stage the long molecular chains have been interlinked by strong bonds so that the material cannot be softened again by the application of heat. If excess heat is applied to these materials they will char and degrade. This type of behaviour is analogous to boiling an egg. Once the egg has cooled and is hard, it cannot be softened again by the application of heat.

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