After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后,我家烧得所剩无几。 注：要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2)系动词无被动语态,如appear, disappear, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。
3)表示状态而不是动作的及物动词或动词短语不能用于被动语态。动词如：cost, deserve, fit, have (有、使),hold (盛下、装下),lack, resemble, suit, own, notice, want, wish；词组如belong to, take part in, take placeof,arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, walk into, agree with；例如：
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.你说的与我们听说的一致。 3)短语动词中有些用于被动结构,有些不可以。但没有规律可循,只能个别掌握。
4)带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream, live/life等,以及反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态。例如：
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。 5)下列及物动词有特殊的宾语,也不能变为被动语态。例如：
The police officer shouted his loudest to stop the car. /They usually take a walk after supper.
6)当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。例如：(对) She likes to swim.；(错) To swim is liked by her.
6、关于被动语态的几点说明
1)有些动词形式上是主动,意义上是被动。例如：
Am I to blame? 我该受责备吗?/The house is to let.房子要出租。/ The door will not shut/lock.门关/锁不上。
2)make, see, watch, hear, notice, feel等使役动词和感官动词的宾语后面可以接不带to的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中,不定式符号to必须补上。例如：They made him go.他们让他去。→He was made to go.他被要求去了。
3)除助动词be外,动词get有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态,是比较口语化的一种被动语态。这种结构中很少用by短语。
例如：I got lost in the huge market. 在那个巨大的市场中我迷失了方向。
In the end this story got translated into English. 这故事最后被译成了英文。 4)“have/get/make +宾语+过去分词”这个句型也表达了一种被动的意思。例如： He got his leg broken when playing football. 踢足球的时候他把腿弄断了。 I’ll have the bike repaired in no time. 我一会就把自行车修好。
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些,让别人理解你的话。 5)need, want, deserve,require+doing,be worthdoing表被动。
6)短语动词的被动语态： 短语动词是一个整体,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如：
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma./ Such a thing has never been heard of before.
7)主动形式表示被动意义
①wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如：
The book sells well.
②blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build等。例如：I was to blame for the accident. /Much work remains.
8) 被动形式表示主动意义,如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married等。例如：He is graduated from a famous university. 7、let 的用法
1)当let后只有一个单音节动词,变被动语态时,可用不带to 的不定式。例如：They let the strange go.→The strange was let go.
2)当let后宾补较长时,let通常不用被动语态,而用allow或permit 代替。例如：
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. →I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
Chapter 4. 动词的语气
一、概念
语气表示说话人对劝词所示的动作或所处的状态持有的态度或看法,语气有三种：陈述语气,祈使语气和虚拟语气。
本章重点介绍虚拟语气。虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情
况,故采用虚拟语气。
真实条件句用于陈述语气,假设的情况有可能发生。各种结构参见下表：
句型 一般现在时 条件从句 主句 shall/will + 动词原形 祈使句 情态动词一般现在时 例如：If he comes, he will bring his violin. 如果他来,会带小提琴来的。 注：①在真实条件句中,主句不能用be going to表示将来,该用shall, will.
②表示真理时,主句谓语动词不用shall (will) +动词原形,而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
在英语中,虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。 二、相关知识点精讲
1、虚拟语气用于表示假设的条件状语从句：相当于汉语的“假如…”,“要是…”等。 注：虚拟语气的条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表示与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑,和直陈语气条件句的谓语动词形式以及所表达的含义完全不同。虚拟语气条件句中所用的谓语动词过去式、过去完成式、过去将来式等只表示不同的虚拟语气,与直陈语气句子的过去时、过去完成时等毫无关系,在学习时应注意加以区别,不要混淆。 2、辨别if 引导真实条件句和if引导的虚拟条件句的区别：
例如：If he has time, he will go with us.= Probably he has time and will go with us.
If he had time, he would go with us.=But in fact he has no time.
3、虚拟条件句中,时态的基本特点是时态往后推移,主句和从句的谓与动词构成形式如下表：
条件状语从句中的谓语动词 对现在的虚拟,表示与现在的事实相反 对过去的虚拟,表示与过去的事实相反 对将来的虚拟,表示与将来的事实相反 1、行为动词用did 2、should+do 3、were to+do 1、行为动词用did 形式 2、be动词用were had + done would (should, would (should, could, If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy. could, If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed in the 主句的谓语动词形式 例句 might) + do might)+ have done examination. Should,would,could,might If I saw him tomorrow, I +do would pass your note to him. 试比较下列几个句子：
①If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off. (Illustration：The weather has been very changeable these days.)
条件状语从句的谓语动词用现在时,表示说话人认为下雨的可能性很大。