第一章 word
1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.
第三章 formation 1
1. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.
2. Allomorph --- Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs.
3. Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes.
4. Bound Morphemes --- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.
6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.
7. Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes.
8. Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.
9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word.
11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.
12. Stem --- a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
第四章 formation 2
1. Affixation --- affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.
2. Prefixation --- is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.
3. Compounding（Compositon）-- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.
4. Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.
5. Blending-- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word.
6. Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remain instead.
7. Acronymy-- is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.
8. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.
第五章 meaning
1. Reference --- the relationship between language and the world.
2. Concept --- which beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.
3 .Sense– denotes the relationship inside the language.
4. Motivation--accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.
5. Onomatopoeic Motivation--These words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.
6. Morphological Motivation--Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.
7. Semantic Motivation--refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.
8. Etymological Motivation--The history of the word explains the meaning of the word 9
.Grammatical meaning–
refer to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or r elationships. 10 .Lexical meaning-- is constant in all the words within or without context related to the notion that the wor d conveys.
11.Conceptual meaning（denotative meaning）–
the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning 12.Associative meaning –
the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It is open- ended and indeterminate
13.Connotative meaning ---
the overtones or association suggested by the conceptual meaning 14.Stylistic meaning –
stylistic features make the words appropriate for different contexts. 15. Affective meaning –
the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.
第六章 Sense Relations and semantic Field
23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms I.
II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund. III.
IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other word
12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.
13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door- man(door+man).
14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.
15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.
16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.
17. Polysemy — the word with more than one senses or which can be used to express more meaning.
18. Diachronic approach– Diachronically， polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. This first meaning is the primary meaning. With the advance of time and the development of language， it took on more and more meanings. These latter meanings are called derived meanings.
19. Synchronic approach– synchronically， polysemy is viewed as the coexistent of various meaning of the same word in a certain historical period of time. The basic meaning of a word is the core of word meaning. The core of word meaning called the central meaning（secondary meaning）.
20. Radiation– a semantic process which shows that the primary meaning stands at the center and each of the derived meanings proceed out of in every direction like rays. 21. Concatenation– meaning“linking together”， is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until， in many cases， there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the tern had at the begining.
22. Homonyms——are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.
23. Perfect Homonyms——are words identical both in sound and spelling， but