¢É Cl(g) £« Rb (g) £½ RbCl (s) £686 ***
10£®¼ÆË㼤·¢Ì¬ÇâÔ×ӵĵç×Ó´ÓµÚÈýÄܼ¶²ãԾǨÖÁµÚ¶þÄܼ¶²ãʱËù·¢ÉäµÄ·øÉäÄܵįµÂÊ ¡¢²¨
³¤¼°ÄÜÁ¿¸÷ÊǶàÉÙ £¿£¨¹âËÙ£º 2.998¡Á10 m¡¤s £¬ÆÕÀʿ˳£Êý h £½6.626¡Á10kg¡¤m2¡¤s£1 £¬ÀïµÂ±¤³£ÊýR£½3.289¡Á1015 s£1£©***
8
£1
£34
££«
11£®1924Äê·¨¹úÄêÇáµÄÎïÀíѧ¼ÒµÂ²¼ÂÞÒâÌá³öÁË΢¹ÛÁ£×Ó¾ßÓв¨Á£¶þÏóÐԵļÙÉ裬ԤÑÔ¸ßËÙ
Ô˶¯µÄ΢¹ÛÁ£×Ó·ûºÏÈçϹØÏµÊ½£º??hP?hm?£¨ h £½6.626¡Á10
£34
kg¡¤m¡¤s£©¡£ÊÔ¼Æ
2£1
Ë㲨³¤Îª 589.0 nm£¨Ï൱ÓÚÄÆµÄ»ÆÉ«¹â£©µÄ¹â×ÓËù¾ßÓеÄÖÊÁ¿ºÍÄÜÁ¿ ¡£ £¨¹âËÙ£º 2.998¡Á108 m¡¤s£1 £¬1 nm £½1¡Á10£9 m£©*** 12£®ÒÑ֪΢¹ÛÁ£×ӵĵ²¼ÂÞÒâ¹ØÏµÊ½ £º??hP?hm?£¨h £½6.626¡Á10£34 kg¡¤m2¡¤s£1 £¬µç×Ó
ÖÊÁ¿Îª 9.11¡Á10£31 kg£©¡£Èôµç×ÓÔÚÒ»Íò·üÌØ¼ÓËÙµçѹϵÄÔ˶¯ËÙ¶ÈΪ5.9¡Á107 m¡¤s£1 £¬ÊÔ¼ÆËã´Ëʱµç×ӵIJ¨³¤ £¬²¢Óë¿É¼û¹âµÄ²¨³¤Ïà±È½Ï ¡£**
13£®µÂ²¼ÂÞÒâÌá³öÁË΢¹ÛÁ£×Ó²¨³¤Ó붯Á¿µÄ¹ØÏµÊ½ £º??h2??phP?hm? ¡£º£É±¤ÓÖÌá³öÁË΢¹ÛÁ£
×Ó´æÔÚÈçϲⲻ׼¹ØÏµ£º¦¤x ¡Ý
¡££¨h £½6.626¡Á10£34 kg¡¤m2¡¤s£1 £©
¼ÙÉè×Óµ¯µÄÖÊÁ¿Îª 0.01 kg £¬ËÙ¶ÈΪ 1.0¡Á103 m¡¤s£1 £¬Èô×Óµ¯ËٶȵIJ»È·¶¨³Ì¶ÈΪ 10£3 m¡¤s£1 £¬ÊÔ¼ÆË㣺
¢Å ×Óµ¯Ô˶¯µÄ²¨³¤ ¡£°Ñ¼ÆËã½á¹ûÓ벨³¤×î¶ÌµÄ¦ÃÉäÏߣ¨¦Ë£½1¡Á10£5 nm £©Ïà±È £¬¿ÉµÃ
µ½Ê²Ã´½áÂÛ£¿
¢Æ ×Óµ¯Î»ÖõIJ»È·¶¨Á¿ ¡£¼ÆËã½á¹ûÓÖ˵Ã÷ʲôÎÊÌ⣿****
14£®Ë¹À³ÍÑ£¨Slater£©¹æÔòÖ¸³ö£ºÍ¬²ãµç×ӵĦң½0.35£¨¶ÔÓÚ1 s ¹ìµÀµç×Ó £¬Ôò¦Ò£½0.30£©£»
Èô±»ÆÁ±ÎµÄµç×ÓΪ n s »ò n p ʱ £¬Ôò£¨n£1£©²ãµç× ¦Ò£½ 0.85 £¬¸üÄÚ²ãµç× ¦Ò£½1.00 ¡£¿¼ÂÇÆÁ±ÎЧӦºó£¬µç×ÓµÄÄÜÁ¿¿ÉÓÃÏÂʽ½üËÆ¼ÆË㣺
E £½ £
13.6(Z??)n22 eV
ÊÔ·Ö±ð¼ÆËãÔÚÔ×ÓÐòÊýΪ 12 £¬16 £¬25 µÄÔªËØÔ×ÓÖÐ £¬4 s ºÍ 3 d ¹ìµÀÄĸöÄÜÁ¿¸ß£¿ ´Ó¼ÆËã½á¹û¿ÉµÃ³öʲô½áÂÛ£¿***
15£®²£¶ûÀíÂ۳ɹ¦µØ½âÊÍÁËÇâ¹âÆ×µÄ²úÉúÔÒòºÍ¹æÂÉÐÔ £¬»¹¸ø³öÁ˹ìµÀÄܼ¶µÄ¼ÆË㹫ʽ£º
E £½ £
13.6Zn22e V £¨ÔÚ´Ë Z£½1£© ¡£¶ÔÓÚ¶àµç×ÓÔ×ÓµÄÒ»¸öµç×ÓÄÜÁ¿¼ÆËãÔòÐèÒª¿¼ÂÇ
21
ºËµçºÉÊýºÍÆÁ±ÎЧӦ £¬ÐèÒªÓÃÏÂÃæ¹«Ê½ÌÖÂÛ£ºE £½ £
13.6(Z??)n22 eV ¡£
½áºÏÉÏÊö¹ØÏµÊ½¼ÆËã Li µÄµÚÈýµçÀëÄÜ£¨Óà eV ±íʾ£©***
16£®µ±ÇâÔ×ÓµÄÒ»¸öµç×Ó´ÓµÚ¶þÄܼ¶²ãԾǨÖÁµÚÒ»Äܼ¶²ãʱ·¢Éä³ö¹â×ӵIJ¨³¤Îª121.6 nm £»
µ±µç×Ó´ÓµÚÈýÄܼ¶²ãԾǨÖÁµÚ¶þÄܼ¶²ãʱ·¢Éä³ö¹â×ӵIJ¨³¤Îª656.3 nm ¡£·Ö±ð¼ÆËãÕâÁ½ÖÖ¹â×ÓµÄÄÜÁ¿£¬±È½ÏËüÃǵÄÏà¶Ô´óС ¡££¨¹âËÙ£º 2.998¡Á108 m¡¤s£1 £¬ÆÕÀʿ˳£Êý h £½
6.626¡Á10£34 kg¡¤m2¡¤s£1£©***
17£®²£¶ûÀíÂÛ¸ø³öÁËÇâÔ×Ó²»Í¬¹ìµÀÉϵç×ÓµÄÄÜÁ¿¼ÆË㹫ʽ£º E £½ £
13.6Zn22e V£¨Z£½1£©¡£ÈôÄÜÁ¿Óý¹¶ú±íʾ £¬Ôò E £½£2.18¡Á10
£18
¡Á
1n22(J) ¡£
ij»ù̬ÇâÔ×ÓÎüÊÕ97.2 nm ²¨³¤µÄ¹â×Óºó £¬·Å³ö 486 nm ²¨³¤µÄ¹â×Ó ¡£ÊÔ¼ÆËãÇâÔ×Ó
µÄÖÕ̬µç×Ó n Ϊ¶àÉÙ £¿£¨¹âËÙ£º 2.998¡Á108 m¡¤s£1 £¬ÆÕÀʿ˳£Êý h £½6.626¡Á10£34 kg¡¤m2¡¤s£1£©****
18£®Ô×ӽṹµÄÀíÂÛÖ¸³ö£º½Ç¶¯Á¿µÄ¾ø¶ÔÖµºÍ½ÇÁ¿×ÓÊýlµÄ¹ØÏµÎª £º¨OM¨O£½
¶ø½Ç¶¯Á¿ÔÚ¿Õ¼ä¸ø¶¨·½Ïò£¨ÀýÈçzÖá·½Ïò£©µÄ·ÖÁ¿´óСÓë´ÅÁ¿×ÓÊý¹ØÏµÎª£º M z £½ m¡¤
h2?l(l?1)h2?£¬
£¬ÇҽǶ¯Á¿µÄ·½ÏòÓÐÈçϹØÏµ£ºCOS?£½
MZM ¡£ÊÔÓÉÉÏÊö¹ØÏµÊ½Í¨¹ý¼ÆËã
È·¶¨£ºÄ³Ô×ÓµÄ2 p ¹ìµÀ½Ç¶¯Á¿ÓëzÖá·ÖÁ¿µÄ¼Ð½ÇΪ45¡ãʱ£¬ÃèÊö¸Ã¹ìµÀÉϵç×ÓµÄÔ˶¯ ״̬¿É²ÉÓõÄÁ¿×ÓÊý¾ßÓÐÔõÑùµÄ×éºÏ £¿**** 19£®²£¶ûÀíÂÛ¸ø³öÁËÇâÔ×Ó²»Í¬¹ìµÀÉϵç×ÓµÄÄÜÁ¿¼ÆË㹫ʽ£ºE £½£2.18¡Á10
£18
¡Á
1n22(J)
ÊÔ¼ÆËã»ù̬ He£« µÄµçÀëÄÜÊǶàÉÙ£¿***
20£®ÒÑ֪΢¹ÛÁ£×ӵĵ²¼ÂÞÒâ¹ØÏµÊ½ £º??hP?hm?£¨h £½6.626¡Á10£34 kg¡¤m2¡¤s£1 £¬ÑÇ·ð
Ù¤µÂÂÞ³£ÊýΪ 6.02¡Á1023 £¬¦Á Á£×ÓÏà¶ÔÔ×ÓÖÊÁ¿Îª 4.0 £©ÈôÒ»¸ö¦Á Á£×ÓÒÔ 1.50¡Á107
m¡¤s£1 ËÙÂÊÔ˶¯Ê±£¬¼ÆËãÆä²¨³¤£¨m£©¡£** 21£®²£¶ûÀíÂÛ¸ø³öÁËÇâÔ×Ó²»Í¬¹ìµÀÉϵç×ÓµÄÄÜÁ¿¼ÆË㹫ʽ£ºE £½£2.18¡Á10
£18
¡Á
1n22(J)
22
ÒÑ֪΢¹ÛÁ£×ӵĵ²¼ÂÞÒâ¹ØÏµÊ½ £º??hP?hm?£¨h £½6.626¡Á10
£34
kg¡¤m¡¤s £¬¹âËÙ
2£1
c £½ 3.00¡Á108 m¡¤s£1£©¡£ÊÔ¼ÆËãÇâÔ×Ó´Ó n £½ 5Äܼ¶Ô¾Ç¨µ½ n £½ 2Äܼ¶Ê±Ëù²úÉú¹â×Ó
µÄÄÜÁ¿£¨J£©ºÍ²¨³¤£¨n m£©¸÷ÊǶàÉÙ£¿***
22£®²£¶ûÀíÂÛ¸ø³öÁËÇâÔ×Ó²»Í¬¹ìµÀÉϵç×ÓµÄÄÜÁ¿¼ÆË㹫ʽ£º E £½ £
13.6Zn22e V£¨Z£½1£©¡£Èô´Ó Li ±íÃæÊͷųöÒ»¸öµç×ÓËùÐèÒªµÄÄÜÁ¿ÊÇ 2.37 ev £¬
Èç¹ûÓÃÇâÔ×ÓÖеç×Ó´Ón £½ 2Äܼ¶Ô¾Ç¨µ½n £½ 1Äܼ¶Ê±Ëù·øÉä³öµÄ¹âÕÕÉäï®Ê±£¬µç×Ó½«ÓеÄ×î´ó¶¯ÄÜÊǶàÉÙ£¿µç×ÓÊÇ·ñ¿ÉÒÔÊͷųöÀ´£¿***
23£®¸ù¾ÝÏÂÁÐÊý¾Ý£¬¼ÆËã F µÄµç×ÓÇ׺ÏÄÜ£º ¦¤ rHm¦¨ / kJ ¡¤ mol£1 ¢Ù Al (s) £½ Al (g) 326 ¢Ú Al (g) £½ Al(g) £« 3 e 5138 ¢Û F2 (g) £½ 2 F (g) 160 ¢Ü Al (s) £« (3 / 2) F2 (g) £½ AlF3 (s) £1310
¢Ý Al(g) £« 3 F(g) £½ AlF3 (s) £5964 ***
24£®²£¶ûÀíÂÛ¸ø³öÁËÇâÔ×Ó²»Í¬¹ìµÀÉϵç×ÓµÄÄÜÁ¿¼ÆË㹫ʽ£º
E £½£
2.18?10n2?183£«
£
3£«
£
Z2J¡¤e
£1
£¨Z£½1£©¡£ÊÔ¼ÆËãÇâÔ×ӵĵç×ӵĵçÀëÄÜ¡££¨ÑÇ·ðÙ¤µÂÂÞ³£
ÊýΪ 6.023¡Á1023 £¬£©**
25£®º£É±¤Ìá³öÁË΢¹ÛÁ£×ӵIJⲻ׼¹ØÏµ£º¦¤x¡¤¦¤¦Ô¡Ý
£31
h4?m¡££¨h£½6.626¡Á10£34 kg¡¤m2¡¤s£1£©
£9
ÈôÖÊÁ¿Îª10 g µÄ×Óµ¯Ô˶¯£¬ÆäλÖÃ׼ȷ²â¶¨µ½ 0.01 cm £¬ÆäËٶȲⲻ׼Á¿ÊǶàÉÙ£¿¶ø
¶ÔÓÚÖÊÁ¿Îª 9.11¡Á10
kg µÄµç×Ó£¬ÈôÆäλÖÃ׼ȷ²â¶¨µ½ 10 cm £¨Ï൱ÓÚÆäÖ±¾¶µÄÊ®
·ÖÖ®Ò»£©£¬ÔòÆäËٶȵIJⲻ׼Á¿ÓÖÊǶàÉÙ£¿¸ù¾ÝÉÏÊöÁ½¸ö¼ÆËã½á¹ûµÄ¶Ô±È£¬¿ÉÒԵõ½Ê²Ã´½áÂÛ£¿£¨Ìáʾ£º1 J £½ 1 N¡¤m £½ 1 kg¡¤m2¡¤s-2 £©***
26£®ÄÆÔ×ӵĵÚÒ»µçÀëÄÜΪ 495.9 kJ¡¤mol£1 £¬¼ÆËãÄÜÊ¹ÄÆÔ×ÓµçÀëµÄ¹â·øÉä×îµÍƵÂʺÍÏàÓ¦
µÄ²¨³¤£¨n m£©¡££¨ÑÇ·ðÙ¤µÂÂÞ³£ÊýΪ 6.022¡Á1023 £¬ÆÕÀʿ˳£Êý h£½6.626¡Á10£34 J¡¤s £¬¹âËÙ c £½ 2.998¡Á108 m¡¤s£1£©****
27£®¸ù¾Ý de Broglie ¹ØÏµÊ½½øÐÐÏÂÁмÆË㣺
¢Å ÓëËÙ¶ÈΪ¹âËÙ 1 / 100 µÄµç×ÓÏàÁªÏµµÄ²¨³¤£»
¢Æ de Broglie ²¨³¤Îª1 nm µÄµç×ÓÁ÷£¬ÆäÔ˶¯ËÙ¶ÈÊǶàÉÙ£¿
23
£¨ÒÑÖª£ºh£½6.626¡Á10 J¡¤s£¬µç×ÓÖÊÁ¿ 9.11¡Á10 kg £¬¹âËÙ c£½2.998¡Á10 m¡¤s£¬
129
1 m £½ 10 pm £½10 nm£©*** 28£®ÒÑÖª¶àµç×ÓÔ×ÓµÄÒ»¸öµç×ÓÄÜÁ¿¼ÆËã¿ÉÓÃÈçϹ«Ê½£º
E £½ £
13.6(Z??)n22£34£318£1
eV
ÊÔ¼ÆËãÌú£¨Z£½26£©Ô×ÓÖУ¬3 d µç× ¦Ò ¡¢Z* ¡¢E3d ¡£***
29£®ÒÑÖª¶àµç×ÓÔ×ÓµÄÒ»¸öµç×ÓÄÜÁ¿¼ÆËã¿ÉÓÃÈçϹ«Ê½£º
E £½ £
13.6(Z??)n22 eV
˹À³ÍÑ£¨Slater£©¹æÔòÖ¸³ö£ºÍ¬²ãµç×ӵĦң½0.35£¨¶ÔÓÚ1 s ¹ìµÀµç×Ó £¬Ôò¦Ò£½0.30£©£»
Èô±»ÆÁ±ÎµÄµç×ÓΪ n s »ò n p ʱ £¬Ôò£¨n£1£©²ãµç× ¦Ò£½ 0.85 £¬¸üÄÚ²ãµç× ¦Ò£½1.00 ¡£
¸ù¾ÝÉÏÊö¹ØÏµ¼ÆËãï®Ô×Ó£¨Z£½3£©µÄµÚÒ»µçÀëÄÜ¡£****
30£®¸ù¾Ý²£¶ûÔ×ӽṹÀíÂÛ£¬¿Éµ¼³öÀàÇâÔ×Ó£¨µ¥µç×ÓÔ×Ó»òÀë×Ó£©¸÷Ô×Ó¹ìµÀ°ë¾¶r ºÍÄÜ
Á¿µÄ¹ØÏµÊ½£º r £½ Bn2Z
E £½ ?AZn22
ʽÖÐ Z ΪºËµçºÉÊý £»B£½52.9 pm £»A£½2.179¡Á10£18 J £»n ΪÖ÷Á¿×ÓÊý ¡£
4£«
¸ù¾ÝÉÏÊö¹«Ê½£¬¼ÆË㣺¢Å B Àë×ӵĵç×Ó´¦ÔÚ n £½ 3 ʱµÄ¹ìµÀ°ë¾¶ºÍÄÜÁ¿¡£ ¢Æ 1 mol ´¦ÓÚ¸Ã״̬ϵÄB4£« Àë×ӵĵçÀëÄÜΪ¶àÉÙ£¿
¢Ç B4£« Àë×ӵĵç×Ó´Ón £½ 3 ԾǨÖÁ n £½ 2 ʱ·Å³öµÄ¹âµÄ²¨³¤ºÍƵÂÊ¡£
£¨ÆÕÀʿ˳£Êýh£½6.626¡Á10£34 J¡¤s£¬¹âËÙ c£½2.998¡Á108 m¡¤s£1£¬ÑÇ·ðÙ¤µÂÂÞ³£ÊýΪ
6.023¡Á1023 £¬1 nm £½1¡Á10£9 m £©****
24
£¨Èý£© »¯Ñ§¼üÓë·Ö×ӽṹ
1£®ÊµÑé²âLiHµÄż¼«¾Ø¦Ì£½1.964¡Á10£29 C¡¤m£¬Ô×Ӻ˼ä¾àÊÇ1.598¡Á10£10m £¬¼ÆËãLiH
µÄÀë×ÓÐÔ°Ù·ÖÂÊ¡££¨µç×ÓµçºÉ e£½1.6¡Á10
£19
C£©****
2£®´ÓÒÔÏÂÈÈÁ¦Ñ§Êý¾Ý¼ÆËã AlF3 µÄ¾§¸ñÄÜ¡£
¦¨£1
¦¤ rHm/ kJ¡¤mol ¢Å Al(s) = Al( g ) + 326 ¢Æ Al( g ) = Al3+( g ) + 3 e- + 5138 ¢Ç 2 Al( s ) £« 3 F2( g ) = 2 AlF3 ( s ) £2620
¢È F2( g ) = 2 F ( g ) + 160
¢É F ( g ) £« e£ = F£( g ) £350 ****
3£®ÒÑÖª£º¦¤H(N¡ÔN) = 940 kJ¡¤mol£1 £¬ ¦¤H(O = O) £½498 kJ¡¤mol£1 £¬
¦¤H(N£O) = 175 kJ¡¤mol £¬ ͨ¹ý¼ÆËãÓë·ÖÎö£¬Ô¤²â N4O6( g ) ÊÇ·ñÄÜÓà N2 ( g )¡¢ O2 ( g ) Ö±½ÓºÏ³É²¢Îȶ¨´æÔÚ£¿£¨¼ÙÉè N4O6 µÄ½á¹¹Óë P4O6ÏàËÆ£©**** 4£®¸ù¾ÝÒÔÏÂÊý¾Ý¼ÆËãÂÈ»¯±µµÄ¾§¸ñÄÜ¡£
ÂÈ»¯±µµÄ¦¤ fHm¦¨ £860.2 kJ¡¤mol£1 ÂÈ·Ö×ÓµÄÀë½âìÊ 238.5 kJ¡¤mol£1 ±µµÄÉý»ªìÊ 192.5 kJ¡¤mol£1 ±µµÄµÚÒ»µçÀëÄÜ 501.2 kJ¡¤mol£1
±µµÄµÚ¶þµçÀëÄÜ 962.3 kJ¡¤mol£1
Âȵĵç×ÓÇ׺ÏÄÜ £364.0 kJ¡¤mol£1 ****
5£®ÓÉN2ºÍH2 ÿÉú³É1 Ħ¶ûNH3 ·ÅÈÈ 46.024 kJ £¬¶øÃ¿Éú³É1 Ħ¶û NH2£NH2 È´ÎüÈÈ
96.232 kJ ¡£ÓÖÖªH£H¼üÄÜΪ435.136 kJ¡¤mol£1 £¬N¡ÔNÈþ¼ü¼üÄÜΪ941.4 kJ¡¤mol£1¡£ Ç󣺢٠N£H ¼üµÄ¼üÄÜ £» ¢Ú N£N µ¥¼üµÄ¼üÄÜ ¡£***
6£®ÊÔÓÉÒÔÏÂÊý¾Ý»³ö Born-Haber Ñ»· £¬²¢¼ÆËãÂÈ»¯¼ØµÄ¾§¸ñÄÜ£¨kJ¡¤mol£1£©¡£ K (s) ¡ú K (g) ¦¤H1 £½ 90.0 kJ¡¤mol£1 Cl2 (g) ¡ú 2 Cl (g) ¦¤H2 £½ 241.8 kJ¡¤mol£1 K (g) ¡ú K£« (g) £« e£ ¦¤H3 £½ 425.0 kJ¡¤mol£1 Cl (g) £« e£ ¡ú Cl£ (g) ¦¤H4 £½ £349.0 kJ¡¤mol£1 K (s) £«
¦¨
£1
12 Cl2 (g) ¡ú KCl (s) ¦¤H5 £½ £435.8 kJ¡¤mol
£1
£1
***
£1
7£®ÒÑÖª¦¤ f Hm (H2O, l )£½£286 kJ ¡¤ mol£¬H2O (g) µÄĦ¶ûÀäÄýìʦ¤ rHm£½£42kJ ¡¤ mol£¬ E (H£H)£½ 436 kJ ¡¤ mol£1 £¬E (O£½O)£½498 kJ ¡¤ mol£1 ¡£ÊÔ¼ÆËãE (O£H)¡£***
¦¨
25