牛津译林版高中英语选修七M7U1grammar及物与不及物动词

M7 Unit 1 Grammar and usage

及物动词与不及物动词

英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语,可把动词分成为及物动词(transitive verb),与不及物动词(intransitive verb)。及物动词后面必须跟宾语意义才完整,不及物动词后不能直接跟宾语,若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,然后再跟宾语。

1. 及物动词常用于以下结构: (1)主语+谓语+宾语

He reached Paris the day before yesterday. (Paris是reached的宾语) 他前天到达巴黎。

(2)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

直接宾语是动词的直接作用对象,通常指事物,间接宾语是接受事物接受者,通常是人。

Please hand me the book over there. (me是hand的间接宾语,the book是直接宾语) 请把那儿的那本书递给我。

当间接宾语位于直接宾语后面时,常在前面加介词to,有时用for。

I sent an email to my American teacher. 我给我的美国老师发了电子邮件。

He bought a present for my daughter. 他给我的女儿买了一份礼物。

(3)主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 宾语补足语通常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词或过去分词担任。They asked us to go fishing with them. (us是asked的宾语,to go fishing是宾语补足语) On my birthday my uncle gave me a mobile phone as a gift. 生日那天我叔叔送我一个手机作为礼物。 This concert made her a popular singer overnight. 这场音乐会使她一夜之间成为深受喜爱的歌手。

Satellites make TV accessible to people who live far away from cities. 卫星使得远离城市的人们也能接收电视节目。 He found himself lying in bed when he came to life. 当他苏醒时,他发现自己躺在床上。 Don’t always keep the children indoors. 不要让孩子总是呆在家里。

大多数及物动词都可以用于被动语态。

His book has been translated into different languages. 他的书已经被翻译成不同的语言。

The early record players were wound up by hand. 早期的录音机是用手摇的。 2. 不及物动词

(1)不及物动词不跟宾语,也不能用于被动语态,但常常带状语。 My watch stopped. 我的表停了。

She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。 More challenges lie ahead of me. 在我面前有更多的挑战。

The waters rose higher and higher, as a result, more than 1,000 people had to leave their homes.

水位升得越来越高,结果1000多人不得不离开家园。 (2)有些不及物动词可以与介词搭配,再接宾语。

The children are listening to the music. 孩子们正在听音乐。 3. 兼作及物动词和不及物动词

英语里有些动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况:

①兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。 Shall I begin at once? (begin作不及物动词) 我可以立刻开始吗?

She began working as a librarian after she left school. (began作及物动词) 她毕业后当图书馆管理员。

When did they leave Beijing? (leave 作及物动词) 他们是什么时候离开北京的?

They left last week. (left 作不及物动词) 他们是上周离开的。

②兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不尽相同。

Wash your hands before meals. 饭前要洗手。

Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗? 4. 注意英汉差异

有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况: ①有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive“到达”,agree“同意”,1isten“听”。英语里这些动词后面常接介词,再接宾语。

We arrived at the railway station at noon.

我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去) (比较:We reached the railway station at noon.) Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)

②有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve“为……服务”。

Our children are taught to serve the people heart and soul. 我们的儿童被教育要全心全意为人民服务。

综上所述,有些动词只能作及物动词,不可以单独用,后面必须跟宾语;有些动词只作不及物动词;它们可以单独用,如果后面需要接宾语,动词后面必须加上特定的介词;有些动词既可以用作及物动词,又可以用作不及物动词,但是有时候词义会改变。当使用动词时,一定要分清楚这个动词属于哪一类,然后再根据不同的使用规则使用不同动词。

[例题]1 In the last few years thousands of films all over the word. (2011天津)

A.have produced B. have been produced C. are producing D. are being produced [答案]B

[点拨]考查时态和语态。produce是及物动词,与films是被动关系,要用被动语态,根据时间in the last few years可以确定本句用现在完成时的被动语态,故选项B正确。 [例题]2 — What do you think of store shopping in the future?

—Personally, I think it will exist along with home shopping but _____.(2011安徽) A. will never replace B. would never replace C. will never be replaced D. would never be replaced [答案]C

[点拨]考查时态和语态。根据句子结构,but后应为一般将来时;句中主语it指store shopping,replace 是及物动词,此处需要用被动语态,故选择C项。句意:你认为未来的商场购物会如何?依我看,商场购物会和家庭购物并存,但是永远不会被代替。 [例题]3 Even the best writers sometimes find themselves ______ for words.

A. lose B. lost C. to lose D. having lost [答案]B

[点拨]此题考查非谓语动词。动词lose的基本义是“使……迷路”,引申义是“使……沉溺于”(使动用法容易被考生忽略),习语be lost for words(说不上话来)中的lost即是根据此意演变而来,跟逻辑主语themselves的关系是被动,只有选项B满足。此题易误选C,考生可能会将findsb.to do跟find oneself(to be)done混淆。根据句意可知谓语动词是find“发现”,句意: 即使最好的作家有时也会发现自己语言迷失。

[例题]4 As the story______, the truth about the strange figure is slowly discovered.

A. begins B. happens C. ends D. develops [答案]D

[点拨]考查动词辨义。develop用作不及物动词,意为“发展,展开”。句意为:随着故事的展开,那位奇特人物的真实情况被慢慢地揭示出来。本题考查动词辨义:A项为“开始”;B项为“发生”;C项为“结束”。根据句意选择D项。

[例题]5 All visitors to this village _____ with kindness. (2011四川)

A. treat B. are treated C. are treating D. had been treated [答案]B

[点拨]考查时态和语态。句意:所有到这个村子的来访者都会得到善待。本句描述的一般情况,所以用一般现在时。treat用作及物动词,与主语visitors是被动关系,故选项B正确。 [例题]6 In the near future, more advances in the robot technology ______ by scientists.

(2011湖南) A .are making B. are made C. will make D. will be make

[答案]D

[点拨]本句中包含词组make advances,根据时间状语in the future,谓语需用一般将来时。句意:在不久的将来,科学家将来机器人技术方面取得更大进步。

[例题]7 I’d prefer to my judgement until I find all the evidence. (2011福建) A.show B. express C.pass D.reserve [答案]D

[点拨]考查动词的辨析。句意为“我宁愿保留我的判断直到我发现所有的证据。”reserve预订或保留(座位、住处等), 推迟,留到以后,与后面的until相一致。

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