胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题(1-12章，含答案）
Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human ___ B_______
A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A
A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang
3. The function of the sentence ―Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.‖ is _____C____.
A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative
4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say―碎碎（岁岁）平安‖as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? C_
A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C. Performative D. Recreational
5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? C
A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness
6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?B
— A nice day, isn’t it?
— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.
A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal
7. _______A___ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.
A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole
8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of ______C____.
A. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality
9. ____A______ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics B.Anthropological linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics
10. _______C___ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education. A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguistics I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. Pitch variation is known as ______A____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences. A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice 2. Conventionally a _____C_____ is put in slashes (/ /).
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A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme
3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ______D____ of the p phoneme. A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones 4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as _______A___.
A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula
5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as _______A___ diphthongs.
A. wide B. closing C. narrow D. centering 6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __D________.
A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D. allophones 7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds? B A. Acoustic phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics C. Auditory phonetics D. None of the above
8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation? A A. [n] B. [m] C. [ b ] D. [p]
9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels? B A. [i:] B. [ u ] C. [e] D. [ i ]
10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating? B A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. Consonant I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ___A_______. A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words
2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called__A___ morpheme. A. inflectional B. free C. bound D. derivational 3. There are _____C_____ morphemes in the word denationalization. A. three B. four C. five D. six 4. In English –ise and –tion are called ____B______.
A. prefixes B. suffixes C. infixes D. stems 5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and ____B______.
A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C. infix D. back-formation
6. _____B_____ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.
A. affixation B. back-formation C. insertion D. addition 7. The word TB is formed in the way of ____C______.
A. acronymy B. clipping C. initialism D. blending 8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by ___A_______.
A. blending B. clipping C. back-formation D. acronymy 9. The stem of disagreements is ______D____.
A. agreement B. agree C. disagree D. disagreement 10. All of them are meaningful except for _____B_____.
A. lexeme B. phoneme C. morpheme D. allomorph
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I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. The sentence structure is _D__.
A. only linear B. only hierarchical
C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical 2. The syntactic rules of any language are __C__ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite
3. The ___D__ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences. A. lexical B. morphological C. linguistic D. combinational
4. A sentence is considered __D__ when it does not conform to the grammati?cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical
5. A __D___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator 6. Phrase structure rules have __A__ properties.
A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional 7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand __D____. A. how words and phrases form sentences.
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences D. all of the above.
8. The head of the phrase ―the city Rome‖ is __D__.
A. the city B. Rome C. city D. the city Rome 9. The phrase ―on the shelf‖ belongs to __B__ construction.
A. endocentric B. exocentric C. subordinate D. coordinate
10. The sentence ―They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.‖ is a _A___ sentence.
A. simple B. coordinate C. compound D. complex Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. The naming theory is advanced by __A___.
A. Plato B. Bloomfield C. Geoffrey Leech D. Firth
2. ―We shall know a word by the company it keeps.‖ This statement represents __B__. A. the conceptualist view B. contexutalism C. the naming theory D. behaviorism 3. Which of the following is NOT true? D
A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.
D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in. 4. ―Can I borrow your bike?‖___D___ ―You have a bike.‖
A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes
5. __B___ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components,
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called semantic features.
A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis C. Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis 6. ―Alive‖ and ―dead‖ are __C____.
A. gradable antonyms B. relational antonyms C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above
7. __A__ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
A. Reference B. Concept C. Semantics D. Sense
8. ____C___ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
A. Polysemy B. Synonymy C. Homonymy D. Hyponymy 9. Words that are close in meaning are called ____D__.
A. homonyms B. polysemies C. hyponyms D. synonyms 10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by ____A___. A. grammatical rules B. selectional restrictions C. semantic rules D. semantic features I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. __B__ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.
A. Psycholinguistics B. Sociolinguistics C. Applied linguistics D. General linguistics
2. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _C___. A. use of words B. use of structures C. accent D. morphemes
3. __A___ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from. A. Regional variation B. Language variation C. Social variation D. Register variation 4. __A_ are the major source of regional variation of language. A. Geographical barriers
B. Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speech
C. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to change D. Social barriers
5. __C__ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries. A. Language interference B. Language changes C. Language planning D. Language transfer
6. _D_ in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation. A. Regional variation B. Changes in emotions C. Variation in connotations D. Stylistic variation
7. A __A__ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds. A. lingua franca B. register
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C. Creole D. national language
8. Although __C__ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.
A. vernacular languages B. creoles C. pidgins D. sociolects
9. In normal situations, _A___ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background.
A. female; male B. male; female C. old; young D. young; old
10. A linguistic _D__ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the ―polite‖ society from general use.
A. slang B. euphemism C. jargon D. taboo I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning __D__ is considered.
A. reference B. speech act C. practical usage D. context
2. A sentence is a __B__ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation. A. pragmatic B. grammatical C. mental D. conceptual
3. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) ___C__.
A. constative B. directive C. utterance D. expressive 4. Which of the following is true? B
A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.
B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences. C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.
D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. 5. Speech act theory did not come into being until _A__.
A. in the late 50’s of the 20the century B. in the early 1950’s
C. in the late 1960’s D. in the early 21st century
6. __C__ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.
A. A locutionary act B. An illocutionary act C. A perlocutionary act D. A performative act
7. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is __B__. A. to get the hearer to do something
B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the case C. to commit the speaker to some future course of action
D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs
8. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ ___C__. A. in their illocutionary acts B. in their intentions expressed C. in their strength or force D. in their effect brought about 9. _A___ is advanced by Paul Grice
A. Cooperative Principle B. Politeness Principle
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