ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)
(2) 表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为：一头大象比一个人强壮。)
(2) 表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如：He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。) (4) 表示“一”这个数量。如：There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那
个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)
(5) 几个用不定冠词的习语：a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind
of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。
3、定冠词the的用法：定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。
定冠词的基本用法：
(1) 表示特指的人或事物。如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿着一朵
花的男人是杰克)
(2) 指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。) (3) 复述前面提到过的人或事物。如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called
Robert.(树下有个人, 那个人叫罗伯特。)
(4) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。) (5) 用在表示方位的名词前面。如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地 区将会刮大风。)
(6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如：Who is the first one to go?(谁第一个去？) / Of
all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近) (7) 常用在乐器名称的前面。如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他开
始拉小提琴)
(8) 用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如：I have never been to the Himalaya
Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)
(9) 用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如：He is from the United States of America.(他
来自美利坚合众国)
(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个
月格林一家要去峨眉山)
(11)same之前一般用the。如：Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样) (12)几个用定冠词的习语：at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最
后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。
4、一些不用冠词的情况：
(1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如：China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水)
(2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)
(3) 周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他
出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树)
(4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如：Men are cleverer than
monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)
(5) 三餐饭前不用。如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早
饭,在校吃午饭)
(6) 节、假日前一般不用。如：On Children‘s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)
(7) 球类名词前不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星
期六下午踢足球)
(8) 城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如：They are now at People‘s Cinema.(他们此
刻在人民电影院)
(9) 一些习惯用语中不用。如：? at / to / from / out of / after / for school; ? in / to /
for / after class; ?in / to / out of / into bed; ? after / at/ from / out of / to work; ? at / to sea; ? in / from / down / to town; ? at / from home; ? at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ? at night/noon/midnight; ? on foot; ⑴ go to school/bed; ⑵ on top of; ⑶ in front of; ⑷ on show/display/duty/watch; ⑸ in / out of hospital; ⑹ at all; ⑺ on/in time; ⑻ at first/last/once; ⑼ in Chinese/English,etc.; ⑽ take care of
六、形容词、副词：
1、形容词：用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。
1、形容词的句法作用：作句子中名词的定语、句子的表语以及宾语补足语。 2、形容词在句子中的位置：
?作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。如：a big yellow wooden wheel(一个黄色的大木轮)
?作表语时放在连系动词之后。如：The price sounds reasonable.(这个价格听起来算是合理)
?作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。如：We must try our best to keep our environment clean.(我们必须尽力保持我们的环境清洁)
?后置的情况：
①修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。如：Something serious has happened to him.(他发生了严重的事故)
②与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。如：He‘s 1.8 metres tall.(他身高1.8米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.(月球离地38万公里)
3、有关形容词的用法辨析：
? whole与all：记住两个词序：① the whole + 名词； ②all (of) the + 名词。如：He was busy the whole morning.(整个早晨他都很忙) / He can remember all the words he learns.(他能记住学过的所有单词)
? tall与high, short与low：指人的个子时用tall与short；指其他事物时一般用high与low。如：He‘s very tall/short.(他个子高/矮) / Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.(大道的两侧有高大的树木) / A few people live on high mountains.(少量的人住在高山上)
? real与true：real一般指东西的真假,译为“真的”；而true则指事情或消息的可靠性,译为“真实的”。如：This is a real diamond(钻石) and it‘s very expensive.(这是货真价实的钻石,非常贵) / --Is that true?—Yes. I heard it with my own ears.(那真实吗？ 是的,我亲耳所听)
? interested与interesting的区别：interesting指人或东西“有趣的”,作定语或表语,而interested则表示人对别的事物“感兴趣的”,只能作表语。如：The man is very interesting and all the children like him. (这个人很有趣,孩子们都喜欢他)/ This book is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself.(这本书很有趣,你会真正获得享受) / I am interested in science.(我对自然科学感兴趣)
? such用法： such + a(n) + 名词(单数)(+that从句)。如：I have never seen such a foolish(愚蠢的) boy.(我从来没有见过这么蠢的男孩) / He had such a terrible accident that he could never forget it.(他遭遇了这么可怕的事故,他永远也不会忘记)
? good与well：表示“好”时,作定语或表语用good,作状语用well；表示“(身体)好”时用well.如：Doing sports is good for us.(进行运动对我们有益) / Study well and make progress every day.(好好学习,天天向上) / --How are you?—I am very well.(你好吗？我很好。)
? nice与fine：的区别：nice表示令人愉快的,可以指东西、人物外表等；fine一般指身体或天气好。如：Let‘s go and share(分享) the nice cake.(我们去分享那块美味的蛋糕吧) / She is a nice girl.(他是个漂亮的姑娘) / What a fine day!(多好的天气！) /He‘s fine recently(最近).(近来他身体不错)
? too much与much too：too much表示“太多的”,修饰事物数量；much too表示“太过,过分”,修饰形容词或副词。如：I am full because I have had too much rice.(我饱了,因为我吃了太多的米饭) / That coat is much too dear.(那件大衣太贵了)
? quick、fast与soon：quick与fast基本同义,quick往往指反应速度快,fast往往指运动速度快,而soon则表示时间上很快即将发生。如：After a quick breakfast, he hurried to school leaving his bag at home.(匆匆地吃过早饭,他朝学校赶去,却把书包忘记在家) / A train is much faster than a bus.(火车比公共汽车快得多) / His father will be back to China very soon.(他父亲很快就要返回中国)
?lonely与alone：lonely是表示心理活动的形容词,意思是：“孤独的,寂寞的”,作定语或表语；alone的意思是：“独自的,单独的”,指无人陪伴,仅作表语,(作为副词的alone可作状语)。如：He lives alone but he doesn‘t feel lonely.(他一人独住,但是并不感到孤独)/ He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him.(他是个孤独的人,你要和他相处好实在不易)
⑴ other与else的区别：两个词都可以作形容词,但是用法不同,other放在名词前；else修饰不定代词、疑问词、little、much,后置,另外,or else表示“否则”,是连词。如：The other students are on the playground.(其他学生在操场上) / Who else can work out this maths problem?(还有谁能解出着道数学题？) / This is nobody else‘s money. It‘s mine.(这不是别的什么人的钱,是我的。) / Do you have anything else to say for yourself?(你还有什么要为自己说的吗？
⑵ special与especial的区别：表示事件不同寻常、过分或特殊时,两个词可互换,但special较为常用。另外,special还可以表示特别的目的。如： She pays (e)special attention to clothes.(她非常注重着装) / These are special chairs for small children.(这些是专门给小孩子的椅子)
⑶ gone、lost、missing的区别：gone表示“丢了,没了”,含一去不复返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表语或宾补,不可以作定语；lost表示“丢失”,含难以找回的意思,可作定语、表语或宾补；missing表示“失踪了,不见了”,强调某人物不在原处,可作定语、表语或宾补。如：My fever(高烧) is gone, but I still have a cough.(发烧消退了,但我仍然咳嗽) / The parents found the lost child at last.(家长终于找到了迷路的孩子) / My dictionary is missing.Who‘s taken it away?(我的字典不见了,谁拿走了？) / For more detailed information(详情) of the missing girls, please visit our website(网址).(如果想知道失踪女孩们的详情,请访问我们的网站)
⑷ living、alive、live、lively的区别：四个词都来源于动词live“生活、居住”。 living读[?liviN]有三个意思：①“活着的、现存的”,作表语或定语,②“一模一样的、
逼真的”,③相当于lively,意思是“强烈的、活泼的”； live读[laiv],指东西“活的”,可以替换为living；
alive读[[?laiv]作表语,指人“活着的”,如果作定语,则放在名词的后面；
lively读[?laivli]有三个意思：①有生气的、活泼的、快活的,②(色彩)鲜艳的,③生动的、
真实的。
例如：A living language should be learned orally(口头上).(活的语言应该从口头上
学)(被动句) / We have a living hope that you will succeed.(我们强烈地希望你能成功) / Is she still alive?(她还活着吗？) / They are the happiest children alive.(他们是活着的最开心的孩子) / This is a live fish.(这是条活鱼) / A live wire(电线) is dangerous.(有电的电线是危险的) / She is as lively as a kitten(小猫).(她像小猫一样可爱) / He gave a lively description of the football match.(他生动地描述了那场足球赛)
⑸ sick与ill区别：sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定语、表语,而ill只能做表语。如：He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now.(他病了很久,现在非常虚弱) / Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets‘ owners like them.(兽医帮助诊治患病的宠物,很受宠物主人们的喜爱)
⑹ the poor(穷人们) / the rich(富人们)等用法：“the+形容词”这一结构可以表示一类人物,复数含义。如：We must try our best to help the poor.(我们应该尽力帮助穷人们) / The rich never know how the poor are living.(有钱人哪知穷人怎么过日子)
2、副词：用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程
度的词叫做副词。 1、副词的分类：(见下表) 时 间 副 词 today, tomorrow, yesterday, now, then, early, late, 频度副地点/方位副词 once, twice, 词 程度副词 方式副疑问/连接副词 how, where, 词 其他副词 too, also, nor, so, as, on,off, here, there, very, too, well, home, below, enough, rather, quite, how, so, hard, always, anywhere, above, outside, in, out, alone, when, once, soon, just, usually, fast, together, suddenly, why, either, tonight, long, often, inside, much, just, up, nearly, only off, almost, hardly, whether yes, no, already, yet, before, ago, since
sometimback, es, never, down, away, far, however, etc. not, neither later, ever -ly结尾 关系副词 maybe,