专 业 外 语
一。综合类
1. 2. 3. 4.
geotechnical engineering岩土工程 foundation engineering基础工程 soil, earth土
soil mechanics土力学
cyclic loading周期荷载
unloading卸载 reloading再加载
viscoelastic found粘弹性地基 viscous damping粘滞阻尼 shear modulus剪切模量
5. soil dynamics土动力学 6. stress path应力路径 二．
土的分类
groundwater level地下水位 groundwater table地下水位
1. residual soil残积土 2. groundwater 地下水 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
clay minerals粘土矿物
secondary minerals次生矿物 landslides滑坡
bore hole columnar section钻孔柱状图
engineering geologic investigation工程地质勘察 boulder漂石 cobble卵石 gravel砂石
gravelly sand砾砂 coarse sand粗砂 medium sand中砂 fine sand细砂 silty sand粉土 clayey soil粘性土 clay粘土
silty clay粉质粘土 silt粉土
sandy silt砂质粉土 clayey silt粘质粉土 saturated soil饱和土 unsaturated soil非饱和土 fill (soil)填土
三．土的基本物理力学性质
1. cc Compression index 2. cu undrained shear strength
3. cu/p0 ratio of undrained strength cu to effective overburden stress p0
(cu/p0)NC ,(cu/p0)oc subscripts NC and OC designated normally consolidated and
overconsolidated, respectively
4. cvane cohesive strength from vane test 5. e0 natural void ratio 6. Ip plasticity index 7. K0 coefficient of “at-rest ”pressure ,for total stressesσ1 andσ2 8. K0’ do main for effective stressesσ1 ‘ andσ2’ 9. K0n K0 for normally consolidated state 10. K0u K0 coefficient under rapid continuous loading ,simulating
instantaneous loading or an undrained condition
11. K0d K0 coefficient under cyclic loading (frequency less than 1 Hz),as a
pseudo-dynamic test for K0 coefficient
12. kh ,kv permeability in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively 13. N blow count ,standard penetration test 14. OCR over-consolidation ratio
15. pc preconsolidation pressure ,from oedemeter test 16. p0 effective overburden pressure
17. p s specific cone penetration resistance ,from static cone test 18. qu unconfined compressive strength 19. U,Um degree of consolidation ,subscript m denotes mean value of a specimen 20. u ,ub ,um pore pressure, subscripts b and m denote bottom of specimen and mean
value, respectively
21. w0 wL wp natural water content, liquid and plastic limits, respectively
22. σ1,σ2 principal stresses, σ1 ‘ andσ2’ denote effective principal stresses 四．渗透性和渗流
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Darcy’s law 达西定律 piping管涌
flowing soil流土 sand boiling砂沸 flow net流网
seepage渗透（流） leakage渗流
seepage (force) pressure渗透压力 permeability渗透性
hydraulic gradient水力梯度
coefficient of permeability渗透系数
五．地基应力和变形
1. soft soil软土
2. (negative) skin friction of driven pile打入桩（负）摩阻力
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. effective stress有效应力total stress总应力 field vane shear strength十字板抗剪强度 low activity低活性 sensitivity灵敏度 triaxial test三轴试验
foundation design基础设计 recompaction再压缩 bearing capacity承载力 soil mass土体
contact pressure接触应力 concentrated load集中荷载
a semi-infinite elastic solid半无限弹性体 homogeneous均质 isotropic各向同性 strip footing条基
square spread footing方形独立基础
underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层（土） dead load =sustained load恒载 持续荷载 live load活载
short –term transient load短期瞬时荷载 long-term transient load长期荷载 reduced load折算荷载
settlement沉降deformation变形 casing套管
dike=dyke堤（防） clay fraction粘粒粒组
physical properties物理性质 subgrade路基
well-graded soil级配良好土 poorly-graded soil级配不良土 sieve筛子
Mohr-Coulomb failure condition摩尔-库仑破坏条件 FEM=finite element method有限元法 limit equilibrium method极限平衡法 pore water pressure孔隙水压力
preconsolidation pressure先期固结压力 modulus of compressibility压缩模量 coefficent of compressibility压缩系数 compression index压缩指数 swelling index回弹指数 geostatic stress自重应力 additional stress附加应力 total stress总应力
final settlement最终沉降
47. slip line滑动线 六．基坑开挖与降水 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
excavation开挖（挖方） dewatering（基坑）降水
failure of foundation基坑失稳 bracing of foundation pit基坑围护
bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起 retaining wall挡土墙
pore-pressure distribution孔压分布 dewatering method降低地下水位法 well point system井点系统（轻型） deep well point深井点
vacuum well point真空井点 braced cuts支撑围护
braced excavation支撑开挖 braced sheeting支撑挡板
七．深基础 deep foundation
1. pile foundation桩基础
1) cast –in-place灌注桩
diving casting cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩 bored pile钻孔桩 special-shaped cast-in-place pile机控异型灌注桩 piles set into rock嵌岩灌注桩 rammed bulb pile夯扩桩 2) belled pier foundation钻孔墩基础
drilled-pier foundation钻孔扩底墩 under-reamed bored pier
3) precast concrete pile预制混凝土桩 4) steel pile钢桩
steel pipe pile钢管桩
steel sheet pile钢板桩
5) prestressed concrete pile预应力混凝土桩
prestressed concrete pipe pile预应力混凝土管桩
2. caisson foundation沉井（箱）
3. diaphragm wall地下连续墙 截水墙 4. friction pile摩擦桩
end-bearing pile端承桩 5. (pile)shaft桩身
6. wave equation analysis波动方程分析 7. pile caps承台（桩帽）
8. bearing capacity of single pile单桩承载力 9. lateral pile load test单桩横向载荷试验
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. ultimate lateral resistance of single pile单桩横向极限承载力 static load test of pile单桩竖向静荷载试验
vertical allowable load capacity单桩竖向容许承载力 low pile cap低桩承台
high-rise pile cap高桩承台
vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile单桩抗拔极限承载力 silent piling静力压桩 uplift pile抗拔桩 anti-slide pile抗滑桩 pile groups群桩
efficiency factor of pile groups群桩效率系数（η） efficiency of pile groups群桩效应 dynamic pile testing桩基动测技术 final set最后贯入度
dynamic load test of pile桩动荷载试验 pile integrity test桩的完整性试验 pile head=butt桩头
pile tip=pile point=pile toe桩端（头） pile spacing桩距 pile plan桩位布置图
arrangement of piles =pile layout桩的布置 group action群桩作用
end bearing=tip resistance桩端阻
skin(side) friction=shaft resistance桩侧阻 pile cushion桩垫
pile driving(by vibration) 打桩（振动） pile pulling test拔桩试验 pile shoe桩靴
pile noise打桩噪音 pile rig打桩机
八．地基处理（ground treatment）
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
technical code for ground treatment of building建筑地基处理技术规范 cushion垫层法 preloading预压法
dynamic compaction强夯法
dynamic compaction replacement强夯置换法 vibroflotation method振冲法 sand-gravel pile砂石桩 pile-stone column砂石桩
cement-flyash-gravel pile(CFG)水泥粉煤灰碎石桩 cement mixing method水泥土搅拌桩 cement column水泥桩
lime pile (lime column)石灰桩