Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, \heralded by the United Nations environmental officials \suitable place for human survival.\he enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold \d be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of spees precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China \Xiang\onal Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubic metres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and \North cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 264 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the \not line\se invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi
第一章 导论 综合练习题参考答案
一、名词解释题
1．经济学：是指关于选择的科学，是对稀缺性资源合理配置进行选择的科学。（参见教材P3）
2．微观经济学：是指研究个别经济单位的经济行为。（参见教材P4）
3．宏观经济学：是指从国民经济角度研究和分析市场经济整体经济活动的行为。（参见教材P4）
4．《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》：简称《国富论》，亚当?斯密著，1776年出版。批判了重商主义的错误观点，提出了劳动是国民财富的源泉，明确了劳动价值和利润来自于剩余劳动的观点；强调经济自由的思想，主张自由放任和充分发挥市场自由竟争的调节作用；强调国家不干预经济。《国富论》第一次创立了比较完备的古典政治经济学的理论体系，剩余价值理论的提出，为马克思劳动价值理论的形成奠定了基础，是经济学说史上的第一次革命。（参见教材P8）
5．《就业、利息和货币统论》：简称《通论》，凯恩斯著，1936年出版。在理论上批判了萨伊的“供给能自动创造需求”和资本主义不存在非自愿失业的错误观点，提出了供给是需求的函数和资本主义不可能充分就业的理论；在方法上开创了以总量指标为核心的宏观经济分析方法；在政策上反对自由放任，强调国家干预经济，并提出财政赤字政策、收入政策、货币政策等三项重要的经济政策。
《通论》创建了宏观经济学，并使凯恩斯经济学开始成为正统经济学，其干预经济的政策主张为资本主义各国所采用，被经济学界称为经济学说史上的第三次革命。（参见教材P11）
6．规范分析：是指以一定的价值判断为基础，提出一些分析和处理问题的标准，作为决策和制定政策的依据。（参见教材P16）
7．实证分析：是指只对经济现象、经济行为或经济活动及其发展趋势进行客观分析，得出一些规律性的结论。（参见教材P16）
8．均衡分析：又称为瓦尔拉斯均衡。包括局部均衡和一般均衡。局部均衡是指其他条件不变的情况下，由于价格的作用，对个别商品的均衡价格和均衡产量的形成过程的分析，即分析商品的需要量和供给量相等时的均衡产量和均衡价格。一般均衡与局部均衡相对应，是指在市场上所有商品的供给、需求和价格相互影响的条件下，对所有商品的供求均衡状态的分析，后来发展为用数量关系来描述或反映一般均衡状态。（参见教材P17）
Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, \heralded by the United Nations environmental officials \suitable place for human survival.\he enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold \d be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of spees precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China \Xiang\onal Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubic metres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and \North cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 264 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the \not line\se invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi 9．非均衡分析：是指由于价格的作用，经济运行中不能形成供求相等的均衡价格和均衡产量，即不能形成瓦尔拉斯均衡，而只能使供求双方在偏离瓦尔拉斯均衡的适当位置上的均衡。（参见教材P17）
10．流量分析：是指对流量总量指标的投入产出变化及对其他总量指标的影响等进行分析。（参见教材P18）
11．存量分析：是指对存量的总量指标的影响因素、变动趋势及对其他有关指标影响的分析。（参见教材P18）
12．总量分析：是指对宏观经济运行总量指标的影响因素及其变动规律进行分析。（参见教材P19）
13．结构分析：是指对经济系统中各组成部分及其对比关系变动规律的分析。（参见教材P19）
二、单项选择题 1．D 9．C 17．A
2．C 10．C 18．B
3．A 11．C 19．C
4．A 12．B 20．D
5．B 13．A 21．A
6．D 14．A 22．B
7．D 15．B
8．B 16．C
三、多项选择题 1．ABE 6．ABCDE 11．ABCD
2．CDE 7．ABCDE 12．ABCDE
3．ABD 8．BC 13．ABCDE
4．ABCDE 9．ABC 14．ABCDE
5．ABCDE 10．AC
四、判断分析题 1．√ 10．×
2．√ 11．√
3．√ 12．×
4．× 13．√
5．× 14．×
6．×
7．√
8．×
9．×
五、问答题
1．何谓经济学？其经济含义是什么？
经济学是关于选择的科学，是对稀缺性资源合理配置进行选择的科学。理解这一涵义应把握以下几方面内容：
Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, \heralded by the United Nations environmental officials \suitable place for human survival.\he enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold \d be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of spees precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China \Xiang\onal Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubic metres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and \North cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 264 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the \not line\se invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi 资源是稀缺的（与人们欲望的无限性相比较而言的），稀缺性决定有效利用资源的重要性。
经济学是选择的科学，即家庭、厂商、政府和涉外部门都以资源有效利用为目标进行选择。
厂商选择的目的是获得利润最大化。 家庭选择的目的是获得效用最大化。
政府和涉外部门选择的目的是实现社会福利最大化。（参见教材P4） 2．学习西方经济学的目的是什么？借鉴西方经济学应注意的问题有哪些？ 目的：
第一，分析和考察现代市场经济运行的规律和实施的经济政策，便于我们认识市场经济的发展状况、经济和存在的问题。
第二，加深对中国社会主义市场经济理论的理解，通过和发达市场经济进行比较分析，加深对社会主义市场经济的优势和规律性的认识。
第三，分析西方经济理论中的可借鉴之处，作为我们制定经济政策特别是宏观经济政策时的参考依据，加速我国社会主义市场经济的建设和社会主义现代化建设。
西方经济理论产生于西方经济发达的资本主义国家，与我国市场经济的发展在文化背景、经济基础等方面存在着差异，为此应注意：
经济条件与国情不同。属于社会科学范畴的经济学，其基本原理的产生与应用受不同社会、经济、文化条件的限制。西方经济学的产生与发展是以资本主义私有制市场经济为基础的，而我国是以公有制为主体的社会主义市场经济。
假设的条件不同。西方经济理论的基本假设为：一般人的本性是利己的，即经济人假设； 产权明晰；具有完全信息的假设这些假设在西方也不一定完全符合经济发展的事实。而在我国这些假设更是存在的很大的不同。 （参见教材P5－6）
3．试述微观经济学与宏观经济学的基本问题 微观经济学的基本问题：
需求理论（包括供求理论和效用理论）、生产理论、成本理论、市场理论（又称厂商均衡理论）、分配理论和福利经济理论。