2010 rules. 6. Insurance cover The Incoterms? 2010 rules are the first version of the Incoterms 6.保险范围 Incoterms?规则 2010 是协会货物条款修订以来的最新rules since the version of the Institute Cargo Clauses and take 版国际贸易术语规则，并就对那些条款的变更做了考虑。account of alterations made to those clauses. The Incoterms? Incoterms? 规则 2010 把关系到保险的信息义务规定在 2010 rules place information duties relating to insurance in A3/B3，这涉及到运输和保险合同。这些条款已经从更为articles A3/B3, which deal with contracts of carriage and insurance. These provisions have been moved from the more 普通的国际贸易术语 2000 中 A10/B10的文章中删除。为了明确缔约双方的义务，条款 A2/B3中涉及保险的行generic found in article A10/B10 of the Incoterms 2000 rules. The language in articles A2/B3 relating to insurance has also 文也做了变化。 been altered with a view to clarifying the parties’ obligations in this regard. 7. Security-related Clearances and information required for such clearances There is heightened concern nowadays about security in the movement of goods, requiring verification that the goods do not pose a threat to life or property for reasons other than their inherent nature. Therefore, the Incoterms? 2010 rules have allocated obligations between the buyer and seller to obtain or to render assistance in obtaining security-related clearances, such as chain-of-custody 7. 与安全有关的清关需要的信息 现在人们高度关注货物运输中的安全问题，需要确认货物不会对生命和财产有威胁，除了其自身固有的属性。 因此，Incoterms?规则 2010 已经在买家和卖家间分配了义务，在与安全有关的清关获得或者提供帮助，例如在多种多样的国际贸易术语中 A2/B2 和 A10/B10的监管链相关信息。 information, in articles A2/B2 and A10/B10 of various Incoterms rules. 8. 终点站操作费 8. Terminal handling charges 在国际贸易术语 CPT，CIP，CIF，DAT，DAP 和 DDPUnder Incoterms rules CPT, CIP, CFR, CIF, DAT, DAP, and DDP, 项下，卖家必须做好安排使货物到达指定目的地。虽然the seller must make arrangements for the carriage of the goods 运费是由卖方支付的，但因为运费一般被卖方包含在销to the agreed destination. While the freight is paid by the seller, 售价格中所以实际上运费是由买方支付的。货运费有时it is actually paid for by the buyer as freight costs are normally 包括港口或集装箱码头内的理货和运输费用，承运人和included by the seller in the total selling price. The carriage costs 终点站运营方也可能向收到货物的买家收取这笔费用。will sometimes include the costs of handling and moving the 在这种情况下，买家会想要避免对同一服务重复付费：goods within port or container terminal facilities and the carrier 一次付给卖家作为销售价格中的一部分，一次单独地付or terminal operator may well charge these costs to the buyer 给承运人或者终点站运营方。Incoterms?规则 2010在相who receives the goods. In these circumstances, the buyer will 关国际贸易术解释规则的 A6/B6 条款明确的分配此项want to avoid paying for the same service twice: once to the 费用，力求避免重复付费。 seller as part of the total selling price and once independently to seek to avoid this happening by clearly allocating such costs in articles A6/B6 of the relevant Incoterms rules. the carrier or the terminal operator. The Incoterms? 2010 rules 9. String sales In the sale of commodities, as opposed to the sale of 9. 连环合同 与工业制成品的销售不同，在农矿产品的销售中，货物manufactured goods, cargo is frequently sold several times 经常在沿销售链运转过程中被频繁销售多次。这种情况during transit “down a string” when this happens, a seller in the 下，在运输中的卖家不用再运输货物，因为货物已被第Incoterms 2010
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middle of the string don’t have to ship the goods because these 一个卖家装船运输了。中途的卖方通过接收货物而非运have already been shipped by the first seller in the string. The 输货物向买方履行义务。为明确起见，Incoterms? 规则 seller in the middle of the string therefore performs its 2010 在相关规定中把提取已经运输的商品的义务作为obligations towards its buyer not by shipping the goods, but by 运输商品义务的替换。 “procuring” goods that have been shipped. For clarification purposes, Incoterms? 2010 rules include the obligation to “procure goods shipped” as an alternative to the obligation to ship goods in the relevant Incoterms rules.
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RULES FOR ANY MODE OR MODES OF TRANSPORT Variants of Incoterms rules 运输方式的规则 国际贸易术语解释通则的变体 Sometimes the parties want to alter an Incoterms rules. The 贸易各方有时因各自需要意图修改某一国际贸易术语规Incoterms 2010 rules do not prohibit such alteration, but there 则的适用。《国际贸易术语解释通则 2010》并不禁止这are dangers in so doing. In order to avoid any unwelcome 种修改，但是这样做会带来一定的危险。因此双方都应当surprises, the parties would need to make the intended effect of 在合同中明确表明修改意欲达到的效果以避免不愉快的such alterations extremely clear in their contract. Thus, for 分歧。譬如，假设合同改变了Incoterms 规则中费用的分example, if the allocation of costs in the Incoterms 2010 rules is 配，那么合同各方亦应当明确声明是否改变风险（从卖方altered in the contract, the parties should also clearly state 到买方）转移的临界点。 whether they intend to vary the point at which the risk passes from seller to buyer. Status of this introduction 本导言的功能地位 This introduction gives general information on the use and 本导言只是对《国际贸易术语解释通则 2010》的用途和interpretation of the Incoterms 2010 rules, but does not form 解释的概括提示，并不是这些的组成部分。 part of those rules. Explanation of terms used in the Incoterms 2010 rules 对《国际贸易术语解释通则 2010》中术语的解释 As in the Incoterms rules, the seller’s and buyer’s obligations are 正如《国际贸易术语解释通则 2010》中所述，买方和卖presented in mirror fashion, reflecting under column A the 方的共同义务是以对应方式呈现的，也就是说，既能反映seller’s obligations and under column B the buyer’s obligations. 出 A 栏中的买方义务，又能反映出 B 栏中的卖方义务。These obligations can be carried out personally by the seller or 这些义务可以由买方或者卖方亲自履行，有时抑或受制于the buyer or sometimes, subject to terms in the contract or the 合同或者适用法律中的个别条款的规定，由诸如承运人、applicable law, through intermediaries such as carriers, freight 转运代理人等中介组织，或者其他由买方或者卖方为了特forwarders or other persons nominated by the seller or the 定目的而委任的人来履行。 buyer for a specific purpose. The text of the Incoterms 2010 rules is meant to be 《国际贸易术语解释通则 2010》正文中条文解析明了。self-explanatory. However, in order to assist users the following 但出于引导辅助（使用者）理解的考虑，编者还是占用了text sets out guidance as to the sense in which selected terms 以下篇幅对从《规则》中选取的几个术语进行阐释。 are used throughout the document. is the party with whom carriage is contracted. 承运人是指与托运人订立合同，并承担运输义务的一方。 Carrier: For the purposes of the Incoterms 2010 rules, the carrier 承运人：出于《国际贸易术语解释通则 2010》的目的，Customs Formalities: These are requirements to be met in order 报关单：是指为了遵守海关条例而需要满足的一些要求，to comply with any applicable customs regulations and may 包括了单据、安全、信息或者实体检验之义务。 include documentary, security, information or physical inspection obligations. Delivery: This concept has multiple meanings in trade law and 交货：在商法和商事活动中，这个概念有多种涵义。但是，practice, but in the Incoterms 2010 rules, it is used to indicate 在《国际贸易术语解释通则 2010》中，交货用来表明在where the risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes from the 货物由卖方向买方转移的过程中毁损风险在何处转移。 seller to the buyer. Incoterms 2010
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Delivery document: This phrase is now used as the heading to 交货单：此术语现在已成为 A8 条款的标题。交货单，article A8. It means a document used to prove that delivery has 是用于证明已完成交货的凭证。对于《国际贸易术语解释occurred. For many of the Incoterms 2010 rules, the delivery 通则 2010》中的许多规则，交货单是一种运输单据或相document is a transport document or corresponding electronic 关电子记录。 record. However, with EXW, FCA, FAS and FOB, the delivery document 但是对于 EXW，FCA，FAS 和 FOB，交货单只是一种may simply be a receipt. A delivery document may also have 收据。当然，交货单还有其他功能，比如支付程序的一个other functions, for example as part of the mechanism for 环节。 payment. Electronic record or procedure: A set of information constituted 电子记录或者程序：由一个或多个可适用的电子讯号组成of one or more electronic messages and, where applicable, 的一组信息库，其功能上等同于相应的纸质文档。 being functionally equivalent with the corresponding paper document. Packaging: this word is used for different purposes: under the contract of sale. transportation. other means of transport. 包装：此词因语境不同有不同含义： 1. The packaging of the goods to comply with any requirements 1. 符合销售合同要求的货物包装； 2. The packaging of the goods so that they are fit for 2. 符合运输要求的货物包装； 3. The stowage of the packaged goods within a container or 3. 集装箱或其他运输工具中已包装货物的理仓 In the Incoterms 2010 rules, packaging means both the first and 在《国际贸易术语解释通则 2010》中，“包装”一词有second of the above. The Incoterms 2010 rules do not deal with 以上中的 1 和 2 项的含义。Incoterms2010 中并不涉及the parties’ obligations for stowage within a container and 集装箱内货物的理仓义务，当事人应在销售合同中予以therefore, where relevant, the parties should deal with this in 确定。 the sale contract.
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EXW (insert named place of delivery) GUIDANCE NOTE
This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.
It is suitable for domestic trade, while FCA is usually more appropriate for international trade.
“Ex Works” means that the seller delivers when it places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises or at another named place (i.e., works, factory, warehouse, etc.). The seller does not need to load the goods on any collecting vehicle, nor does it need to clear the goods for export, where such clearance is applicable.
The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the named place of delivery, as the costs and risks to that point are for the account of the seller. The buyer bears all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the agreed point, if any, at the named place of delivery.
EXW represents the minimum obligation for the seller. The rule should be used with care as:
a) The seller has no obligation to the buyer to load the goods, even though in practice the seller may be in a better position to do so. If the seller does load the goods, it does so at the buyer’s risk and expense. In cases where the seller is in a better position to load the goods, FCA, which obliges the seller to do so at its own risk and expense, is usually more appropriate.
b) A buyer who buys from a seller on an EXW basis for export needs to be aware that the seller has an obligation to provide only such assistance as the buyer may require to effect that export: the seller is not bound to organize the export clearance. Buyers are therefore well advised not to use EXW if they cannot directly or indirectly obtain export clearance.
c) The buyer has limited obligations to provide to the seller any information regarding the export of the goods. However, the seller may need this information for, e.g., taxation or reporting purposes.
EXW——工厂交货（……指定地点）
本条规则与（当事人）所选择的运输模式无关，即便（当事人）选择多种运输模式，亦可适用该规则。本规则较适用于国内交易，对于国际交易，则应选FCA[1] “货交承运人（……指定地点）”规则为佳。
“工厂交货（---指定地点）”是指当卖方在其所在地或其他指定的地点（如工场（强调生产制造场所）、工厂（制造场所）或仓库等）将货物交给买方处置时，即完成交货。卖方不需将货物装上任何运输工具，在需要办理出口清关手续时，卖方亦不必为货物办理出口清关手续。
双方都应该尽可能明确的指定货物交付地点，因为此时（交付前的）费用与风险由卖方承担。买方必须承当在双方约定的地点或在指定地受领货物的全部费用和风险。
EXW 是卖方承担责任最小的术语。它应遵守以下使用规则：
a) 卖方没有义务为买方装载货物，即使在实际中由卖方装载货物可能更方便。若由卖方装载货物，相关风险
和费用亦由买方承担。如果卖方在装载货物中处于优势地位，则使用由卖方承担装载费用与风险的FCA术语通常更合适。
b) 买方在与卖方使用EXW术语时应知晓，卖方仅在买方要求（更符合术语特质）办理出口手续时负有协助的
义务：（但是），卖方并无义务主动（更强调最小义务，吸收进2010年本身的意义）办理出口清关手续。因此如果买方不能直接或间接地办理出口清关手续，建议买方不要使用EXW术语。 c) 买方承担向卖方提供关于货物出口之信息的有限义务。但是，卖方可能需要这些用作诸如纳税（申报税款）、
报关等目的的信息。
Incoterms 2010
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