专题一 句子成分
1.主语：动作的发出者，或：一个句子中的陈述对象。 He laughed.
Swimming is interesting. 拓展： He laughs best who laughs last. （人称代词和关系代词） Swimming is interesting. （动名词作主语） His words are true. （名词作主语） What he said is true. （主语从句） 2.谓语：主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。
He is lying on the ground. （动词作谓语,表示：主语状态） 拓展： He is crying now. （谓语动词：现在进行时） I have seen the movie before. （谓语动词：现在完成时） 3.宾语：动作的对象或承受者或内容。 I love English. 拓展： I love him. （代词作宾语） I love dancing. （动名词作宾语） I want to see you. （不定式作宾语） I believe your words. （名词作宾语） I believe what you said. （从句，即宾语从句） 4.宾补：补充、说明宾语的成分。 He gradually found English interesting. We all choose him monitor. 拓展： He gradually found English interesting. （形容词） We all choose him monitor. （名词） The hotel makes me at ease. （介词短语） The teacher told me to leave at once. （不定式） Can you see the girl dancing over there? （现在分词） I saw the boy taken to the office. （过去分词） 1
怎么辨别“主—谓—宾—宾”和“主—谓—宾—宾补”？ 宾语和宾补之间其实是主谓关系。 He calls me uncle.[→I am his uncle] I saw him taken away.[→He was taken away.] I found him in the room.[→He was in the room.] 而两个宾语之间不存在主谓关系： He gave me a book.[不能理解为：*I am a book.] 5.表语：说明主语的身份、特征、状态的成分,位于系动词后面。 He is a teacher. He is tired. 拓展： He is a teacher. (名词) My hobby is swimming. (动名词) He looks nice. (形容词) My suggestion is that you start at once. (表语从句) 表语通常位于系动词后。英语中有哪些系动词呢？ “是”:be, prove, turn out; remain; stay; keep; “变得”：become, get, turn, go, fall; “感官”:feel, smell, sound, taste, look, seem, appear 系动词具有哪些特征呢？ ①后面通常跟形容词不跟副词。比较： She looks beautiful. She sings beautifully. ②不用被动形式。 错误：The dish is tasted delicious. 正确：The dish tastes delicious. 错误：Tasted nice, the dish was eaten up quickly. 正确：Tasting nice, the dish was eaten up quickly. 6.定语：修饰制名词的成分。 He is a careful driver. 拓展： Our chemistry teacher put a kind of chemical substance on the desk. （名词；2
形容词） He is a careful driver. （形容词） He is a driver who drives carefully. （定语从句） I know the boy wearing a jacket. （现在分词短语） I like the boy who is wearing a jacket. （定语从句） I like the books written by Lu Xun. （过去分词短语） I like the books that were written by Lu Xun. （定语从句） 7.状语：修饰制动词、形容词和句子的成分。 I visited the Great Wall yesterday. (时间状语) 拓展： He studies hard. (副词) He could dance at the age of seven. (介词短语) He could dance when he was seven. (从句) I am sorry for coming late. (介词短语) I am sorry because I am late. (从句) 8.同位语：句子中指代同一事物的另外一个名词短语或名词性从句。 I am Li Hua, Chairman of the Students’ Union. （名词作同位语）
The fact that the earth moves around the sun is well-known. （同位语从句作同位语） 拓展： Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of mine. (名词短语) We students should respect teachers. (名词短语) Longhu Lake, the largest lake in Henan, attracts many visitors every year. (名词短语) He made a promise that he would give me a bike on my birthday. ( 同位语从句) 判断同位语：若两个名词性成分之间加个be成立，则二者为同位关系。 9.插入语：插入语是插在句子中独立于其他成分的一个词、短语、或从句。 Reading will, no doubt, enlarge your vocabulary. 拓展： Generally/ In general/ Generally speaking, the more you eat, the fatter you will be. To make matters worse, he failed again. Reading, no doubt, can broaden our horizons. 3