名词解释
1．Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.
2．Ballad: a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.
3．Heroic Couplet: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter, and written in an elevated style.
4．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity. 5．Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. 6．Blank verse: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
7．Enlightenment: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.
8．Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.
9．Sentimentalism: it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18th century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason.
10．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.
11．Lake Poets: the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.
12．Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.
13．Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.
14．Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.
15．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode.
16．Dramatic Monologue: a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.
17．Iambic Pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.
18．Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.
19．Elegy: a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem.
20．Canto: a section of a long poem. The cantos can be a great poem
21．Ode: a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subjects. Odes are written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.
22．Song: a short poem with distinct musical qualities, normally written to be set to music. 23．Lyric: a poem, usually a short one, that expresses a speaker's personal thoughts or feelings. The elegy, song and ode are all forms of lyrics.
24．Spenserian Stanza: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature.
25．Metrical Pattern: a lyric poem of five 14-lined stanzas containing four tercets and a closing couplet. The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee.
文学史
? 中古时期
1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》: the natural epic of the English people; Denmark story, alliteration, metaphor, understatements
2.Sir Gawain and Green Knight《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》 3.Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里 乔叟）：the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales《埃特伯雷故事集》（24stories)
? 文艺复兴时期
1.Thomas More: Utopia《乌托邦》- the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.
2.Francis Bacon: the first English Essayist; Essays《随笔集》- Of Studies, Of Truth (philosophical and literary works)
3.Thus Wyatt: first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.
4.Edmund Spenser: Poet's poet; The Fairy Queen《仙后》(to Queen Elizabeth I) 5.William Shakespeare:
Sonnet 18(Shall I compare thee to a summer's day) ? 四大悲剧：
Hamlet (revenge of the Prince Hamlet
King Lear(年事已高的李尔王意欲把国土分给3个女儿，两个大女儿赢其宠信而瓜分国土，小女儿却因不愿阿谀奉承而一无所得。前来求婚的法兰西国王慧眼识人，娶考狄利娅为皇后。李尔王离位，大女儿和二女儿居然不给其栖身之地，当年的国王只好到荒郊野外。小女儿率队攻入，父女团圆。但战事不利，被杀死，李尔王守着心爱的小女儿的尸体悲痛地死去。
Othello(奥赛罗是威尼斯公国一员勇将。他与元老的女儿苔丝狄梦娜相爱。但由于他是黑人，婚事未被允许。两人只好私下成婚。奥赛罗手下有一个阴险的旗官伊阿古，一心想除掉奥赛罗。他先是向元老告密，不料却促成了两人的婚事。他又挑拨奥赛罗与苔丝狄梦娜的感情，说另一名副将凯西奥与苔丝狄梦娜关系不同寻常，并伪造了所谓定情信物等。奥赛罗信以为真，在愤怒中掐死了自己的妻子。当他得知真相后，悔恨之余拔剑自刎，倒在了妻子身边。
Mecbeth（苏格兰国王邓肯的表弟麦克白将军立功归来，路上遇到三个女巫。女巫对他说了一些预言和隐语，说他将进爵为王，但他并无子嗣能继承王位，反而是柯将军的后代要做王。麦克白是有野心的英雄，他在夫人的怂恿下谋杀邓肯，做了国王。而后，他一步步害死了邓肯的侍卫，害死了班柯，
害死了贵族麦克德夫的妻子和小孩。恐惧和猜疑使麦克白心里越来越有鬼，也越来越冷酷。麦克白夫人神经失常而自杀，对他也是一大刺激。在众叛亲离的情况下，麦克白面对邓肯之子和他请来的英格兰援军的围攻，落得削首的下场
喜剧：A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》，The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》，As You Like It《皆大欢喜》；Twelfth Night《第十二夜》 悲喜剧：Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》
? 17世纪英国文学
1.John Donne: the leading poet of Metaphysical school of poetry; A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《分离：莫忧伤》
2.John Milton: Paradise Lost《失乐园》（a revolt against God's authority), Paradise Regained《复乐园》（how Christ overcame Santa) ——stories were taken from Bible
3.John Bunyan: the son of Renaissance; Pilgrim's Progress《天路历程》(imagination, shadowing, realistic religious allegory)
? 18世纪英国文学 Novel：
1.the age of reason, classicism, sentimentalism and romanticism (novels, prose, dramas, poetry)
2.Daniel Defoe: representative of English realistic novel; Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》(the development of a young man from a naive and artless youth to a clever and hardened man)
3.Jonathan Swift: Gulliver's Travels《格列佛游记》(fictional, satirical- human nature, the European Government, the differences between religions, whole English state system)
4.Henry Fielding: the Father of English novel; The History of Tome Jones, a Foundling 《汤姆 琼斯》，satiric Poetry：
5.Thomas Gray: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》
6.Alexander Pope: perfected in heroic couplet; An Essay on Criticism《论批评》 7.William Blake: pre-romantic; Songs of Innonce《天真之歌》，Songs of Experience《经验之歌》-London, The Tiger
8.Robert Burns: A Red Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》 Drama:
9.Richard Brinsley Sheridan:Master of Comedy of manners;The School for Scandal《造谣学校》
? 浪漫主义时期1798-1832
1.William Wordsworth: the Lake Poets; The Prelude《序曲》；I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud《我似流云天自游》；The Solitary Reaper《孤寂的割麦女》；features: poet of nature and human heart
2.Samuel Taylor Coleridge: the first critic of the Romantic school; The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》
3.George Gordon Byron: vigorous, strong and beautiful; Childe Harold's Pilgrimage《恰尔德 哈罗尔德游记》(spenserian stanza, fights for liberty); Don Juan《唐 璜》(a broad critical picture of European life); When We Two Parted《昔日依依别》；She Walks in Beauty《她走在美的光影中》；The Isles of Greece《哀希腊》
4.Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》-赞颂西风，希望与其紧密相连; Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》(the victory for man's struggle against tyranny and oppression)