精品文档
读语篇学语法——强调句与倒装句
Alaska, which was called Russian America before it was sold to the United States, joined the Union as the 49th state in 1959.
Alaska is now the largest of all the 50 states of the USA. ①It was in 1867 that President Andrew Johnson’s Secretary of States（国务卿）, William H. Seward, bought Alaska from the Russians at the cost of $7.2 million. The buying of the northern land seemed at first something foolishly done. ②Not only was Alaska difficult to reach, but it was also hard to live in, and it appeared to be of no importance in time of war. ③Besides there are volcanoes （火山） there as Alaska lies on the Pacific “ring of fire”. In Alaska large treeless areas are covered with snow all the year round. For these reasons the buying of Alaska was called “Seward’s Folly（蠢事）” at that time.
However, in 1896, gold was found in Alaska, and people poured into the land. Then other important natural resources were discovered, including oil. But now most people visit Alaska in order to see the endless beauty of nature that the northern land discloses to them.④ For example, there are about 11,000 islands in Alaska. And in a certain area of Alaska the sun doesn’t set for 82 days every year.
强调句：顾名思义，强调句就是对句子的某一成分进行强调，以加强语气或引起重视。
英语中常见的表示强调的方式有以下三种：
1. 用助动词do(一般现在时), does(一般现在时，主语为第三人称单数形式)和did(一般过去时)来强调谓语动词。如： 1）The girls do look pretty today.
2）The little girl does look nice in that green dress today. 3）The boys did have a good time last night.
从上述结构不难看出，强调谓语动词时只有两种时态——一般现在时和一般过去时。
2. 固定句型：强调句的句型主要是：It is / was … that / who / whom…。该句型可以用来强调除谓语动词以外的任何成分。例如上文中的①：It was in 1867 that President Andrew Johnson’s Secretary of States（国务卿）, William H. Seward, bought Alaska from the Russians at the cost of $7.2 million. 该句强调了时间状语in 1867。意思是：正是在1867年，当时担任美国总统Andrew Johnson国务卿的William H. Seward以七百二十万美元的价格从俄罗斯人手里买下了阿拉斯加。 2）It was their teacher who helped them solve the problem. 正是他们的老师帮他们解决了这一问题。
3）It was Lucy whom Tom met in the party yesterday. Tom昨天在聚会上见到的正是Lucy。
注意：
⑴ 该句型中的that，who和whom都不可以省略。 ⑵ that与who和whom之间的区别。 被强调的部分 例句 精品文档
精品文档
that 1. It was Lucy that Tom met in the party yesterday.（强调宾语） 2. It was Tom that met Lucy in the party yesterday. （强调主语） 3. It was yesterday that Tom met Lucy in the party.（强调时间状语） 4. It was in the party that Tom met Lucy. （强调地点状语） 除了可以强调词、短语之外，还可以强调从It is because he doesn’t 句 have any experience that he does not know how to deal with the situation. （强调原因状语从句） who 只能是人；可以强调主语和宾语 1. It was Tom who met Lucy in the party yesterday. （强调主语） 2. It was Lucy who Tom met in the party yesterday.（强调宾语） whom 只能是人；而且只能强调宾语 It was Lucy whom Tom met in the party yesterday.（强调宾语） ⑶ 即使是强调时间状语或地点状语也不用when或where，只能用that。例如
1）It was last month that I bought a video camera. (该句中的that不能换成when) 2）It was in London that I met her for the first time. (该句中的that不能换成where)
⑷ that和who在强调句中充当主语时，谓语动词的数要与被强调部分的人称和数保持一致；另外，其时态也要保持一致。例如： 1）It is I who am responsible for the traffic accident. 2）It was in the 1960’s that the trade between the two countries reached its highest point.
⑸ 还有一种发生了改变的强调句型：It is / was not until +被强调部分[时间状语（词、短语或从句）]+ that从句（用肯定句）…。例如： 1）It was not until 11:45 that he went to bed. 2）It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.
3. 其他可以用于表示强调的方式： ⑴ 用副词或短语表示强调，以加强语气，如：only, even, much, enough, by far, still, well, very, terribly, simply, on earth（究竟）, in the world（究竟）, under the sun（究竟）, at all（根本）等。例如：
精品文档
可以是事、物、人、时间、地点等除了谓语之外的其他任何句子成分 精品文档
1）What on earth does this mean? 2）The book is well worth reading. ⑵ 用双重否定表示肯定并强调。例如： 1）It’s never too late to learn. ⑶ 用倒装句表示强调。
1）Only then did I realize that I was wrong. 2）By no means is translation easy.
3）Not only did I make a promise, but I also kept it.
倒装句：
在英语中比较常见的句子语序都是主语+谓语，例如： I have a book. 主语 谓语
而倒装句则采用的句子语序是谓语+主语的形式。例如： Here comes the bus. 谓语 主语
倒装语序分为两种形式：部分倒装和全部倒装。
1. 部分倒装：谓语中的一部分（如助动词do, does, did, have, has, had, will, shall, would, should等、情态动词can, could, may, might, must, would, should, need等或be动词am, is, are, was, were等）放在主语的前面，而谓语动词的其它部分则仍然放在主语的后面。例如：
Only yesterday did he find out that his radio was missing. At no time will China be a superpower. 使用部分倒装的情况主要有以下几种： ⑴含有否定意义的副词或短语，如：never, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, rarely, nowhere, not, no more, no longer, by no means, in no way, at no time, under no circumstances （决不）, not until等放在句首时，句子用部分倒装。例如： 1) Not a single word have his parents heard from him since he left home. 2) Seldom does she quarrel with her parents. 3) Not until she took off her dark glasses did I recognize her.
（注意：not until放在句首时，后面的从句不使用倒装语序，只有主句倒装。） 4）Hardly had he got into the room when the phone rang. （注意：以hardly / scarcely… when…, no sooner…than…，意思是“一……就……”，引出的句子中，hardly, scarcely或no sooner置于句首时，主句倒装，即hardly, scarcely或no sooner后面的句子使用倒装语序，并且用过去完成时；而when或than从句则用陈述语序，并且用一般过去时。）
⑵以not only… but also…开头的句子使用倒装语序。例如上文中的第②句：Not only was Alaska difficult to reach, but it was also hard to live in, and it appeared to be of no importance in time of war.
注意：只有not only后面的句子使用倒装语序，but also后面的句子使用陈述语序。
但是，当not only… but also…连接并列主语时，句子不使用倒装语序。例如：
精品文档
精品文档
Not only he bust also you are wrong.
另外，当not only… but also…置于句中时，句子不使用倒装语序。例如： She can speak not only English but also French. ⑶ 以副词so开头的句子置于句首，表示前面一句的情况也适用于另一个人或物时，用倒装语序。常用结构是：so+情态动词或助动词或be动词+主语。例如：
1) He is right, and so am I. 2) She loves swimming; so does he. 另外，在以so开头的句型so+形容词或副词+主句+ that从句中，主句要使用倒装语序, that后面的从句使用陈述语序。例如：
So much does the boy worry about his final examination that he can’t sleep at night. ⑷ 当neither或nor放在句首，表示前面一句所说的否定情况也适用于另一个人或物时，意思是“……也不”，用倒装语序。常用结构是：neither / nor +情态动词或助动词或be动词+主语。例如： I have never been to New York, neither has she. ⑸ as引起让步状语从句，意思是“尽管”（相当于although / though引起的让步状语从句）时，用倒装语序。常用结构有三种：
形容词/动词-ed形式/名词（不带冠词）＋as＋主语＋be动词 Great as the author was, he proved a bad model.
Injured as he was, he continued to help the other passengers. Child as she is, she knows a lot. 副词＋as＋主语＋谓语动词
Hard as he tried, he didn’t pass the exam.
动词原形＋as＋主语＋助动词/情态动词
Try as they may, they will not succeed in the football game.
⑹ only用在句首用于限制状语（常用副词、介词短语或状语从句）时，句子或主句要使用倒装语序。常用结构可以分为两种：
only+副词/介词短语＋助动词/情态动词＋主语＋谓语＋其它 Only yesterday did he find out that his book was missing. (only+副词) Only in this way can we learn English well. (only+介词短语)
only+状语从句（用陈述语序）＋主句（用倒装语序：助动词/情态动词＋主语＋谓语＋其它）
Only when they came back did I know what had happened.
注意：如果only放在句首不是限制状语而是限制主语时，句子不使用倒装语序。例如：Only Tom can solve this problem.
⑺用在省略了if的虚拟语气句子中。在含有were, had, should的虚拟语气的句子中，如果省略了if， 则将were, had, should置于句首，形成倒装语序。例如： 1）If I were here, I should go. = Were I here, I should go. 2）If she had come earlier, she would have caught the train. = Had she come earlier, she would have caught the train.
2. 全部倒装：指的是整个谓语置于主语之前。通常谓语动词只能是不及物动词，另外，时态只能是一般现在时和一般过去时。主要用于以下几种情况： ⑴There be句型是典型的倒装句，在这一句型中，there作形式主语，be后面
精品文档
精品文档
的名词或名词性短语是真正的主语，be在数上与后面的名词或名词性短语保持一致。例如上文中的第③和④句都是这种句型。③Besides there are volcanoes （火山） there as Alaska lies on the Pacific “ring of fire”. ④ For example, there are about 11,000 islands in Alaska.
There be句型中的there可以换成here；be动词则可以用arise, exist, seem, live, appear, come, go, lie, remain, follow, happen, enter, stand等不及物动词替代。例如：
There lies a big river in London. Here comes the taxi. ⑵当句首是表示时间、地点、方位等的副词，如：now, then, up, down, in, out, away, back, over, off等，并且主语是名词或名词性短语，谓语动词为不及物动词时，句子用全部倒装结构。例如：
Now comes the winter vacation you’re looking forward to. Out rushed the children.
⑶当句首是表示地点的介词短语时，用全部倒装。例如： On the top of the building flies the national flag. 在使用倒装句时，要注意如果一个句子是复合句的话，不管它带有几个从句，倒装语序都只能用一次，即主句用倒装语序，而从句则一律使用陈述语序。
相关练习：
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence, there are 4 choices of words marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentences.
1. It was _____ who suggested that he go to Shanghai. A. hers B. her C. she D. herself
2. It was in the 1960’s _____ the trade between the two countries reached its highest point. A. that B. when C. where D. which 3. She _____ you a nice cat yesterday. A. does buy B. did buy C. do buy D. have bought 4. _____, he is not happy. A. Though rich is he B. Although rich he is C. As rich is he D. Rich as he is 5. By no means ______ good. A. this method is B. will this method be C. this method will be D. are this method 6. _____ about computer for you to read. A .There the book is B. Here a book is C. Here is a book D. A book is 7. _____ that he could not say a word. A. So frightened he was B. So frightened was he C. So frightening he was D. So frightening was he 8. _____ come here again. A. Does B. Did C. Do D. You does
精品文档