第十一讲名词性从句
名词性从句的本质：3种句子充当4种成分 所谓名词性从句，就是把完整句子当作名词来使用，使之在另一个句子中充当某种成分。一般来说，名词在句中主要充当4种成分：主语、宾语、表语和同位语，于是便有了常说的4种名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。相当于名词作用的句子有3类：陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句。因此，名词性从句可简单概括为这样一句话：名词性从句就是用3种句子分别充当另外一个句子的4种句子成分。这便构成了名词性从句的本质特征。
名词性从句 的引导词 连词that 连词whether/if 连接代词who， whom, what， which, whose； 连接副词 when, where， why, how
主语从句 特殊疑问句 对应的句 子类型 陈述句 一般疑问句 是否作成分 that在从句中不作成分 whether和if在从句中不作成分 who和what在从句中作主语、宾语或表语；whom在从句中作宾语；which在从句中作主语、表语或定语；whose在句中作定语。连接副词在从句中作状语 1.that引导的主语从句
(1)that引导主语从句时，在从句中不作任何成分，也没有词汇意义，但一般不可省略。 That the earth goes around the sun is known to us all. 众所周知，地球围着太阳转。
(2)that引导主语从句时可用it作形式主语，that不可省略。常见句式主要有以下几种：
①It＋be＋形容词(necessary, right, likely, unlikely, wrong, important, certain, clear, obvious, strange, normal等)＋that从句
It isn’t likely that I should accept such an offer as that. 我不可能接受像那样的帮助。
②It＋be＋名词(短语)(a pity, a shame, good news, a fact, an honour, a wonder, no wonder等)＋that从句
It’s no wonder that he didn’t want to go. 难怪他不想去。
③It＋be＋过去分词(said, told, heard, reported, decided, suggested, advised, ordered, remembered, thought, considered, well-known, announced等)＋that从句
It is decided that the meeting has been put off until next Monday. 会议被推迟到下周一已经定下来了。 [
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suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required ...＋that从句”结构中，从句谓语应用“(should＋)动词原形”。
It is suggested that you (should) spend more time in studying English. 建议你花更多的时间学习英语。
④It＋特殊动词或短语(seem, appear, happen, matter, turn out, occur to, make no difference等)＋that从句
It suddenly occurred to her that Joe was afraid of being alone. 她突然想到乔害怕独自一个人待着。 2．whether/if引导的主语从句
主语从句位于主句谓语动作前，表示“是否”，只能用whether。若用it作形式主语，则whether与if可互换。
Whether we can have clean drinking water lies in what effective measures will be taken by the government about water pollution.
我们能否有干净的饮用水依赖于政府将采取什么样的有效措施处理水污染问题。 It’s uncertain whether/if he’ll come this evening.
他今天晚上是否会来还不确定。 3．wh-类连接词引导的主语从句
wh-类连接词包括连接代词(who, whom, whose, what, whoever, whomever, whatever等)和连接副词(when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等)。
What Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness. 芭芭拉·琼斯展现给她的粉丝们的是诚实和快乐。 [对点练1] 用适当的连接词填空
①How we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
②It doesn’t matter whether you turn right or left at the crossing — both roads lead to the park.
③It’s no wonder that you’ve achieved so much success.
④It has not been decided yet who will take charge of the factory when the boss is away.
⑤Whoever sets fire to the forest should be punished.
宾语从句 1.that引导的宾语从句 that引导宾语从句时无词义，在从句中不作成分，口语中一般可以省略，但下列情况下不能省略：
(1)当that从句作介词的宾语时。
I don’t know exactly where he lives, except that it’s somewhere out in the wilds.
他住在哪里我不很清楚，只知道是远离城市的荒野之中。
(2)动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略，从第二个从句开始that不可省略。
He told me (that) he had to leave and that he would be back soon. 他告诉我他得离开并且很快就会回来。 (3)宾语从句前有插入语时。
We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us. 恰恰相反，我们希望他和我们待在家里。 (4)it作形式宾语的宾语从句。
①一些动词后的宾语从句有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾语，而将that引导的宾语从句后置。常见的这类动词有find, think, consider, believe, guess, suppose, make