动词的时态和语态
各种时态构成表：（以 do 为例）
一般时态
现 过 将
在 去 来
do/does did shall/will do would do
进行时态 is/am/are doing was /were doing shall/will be doing would be doing
完成时态 has/have done had done
shall/will have done would have done
完成进行时态 has/have been doing had been doing
shall/will have been doing would have been doing
过去将来
一、一般现在时：动词原形或第三人称单数
1．构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。 （1）直接加“s”：work→works，take→takes
（2）以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”：carry→carries
（3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”：go→goes，dress→dresses，watch→watches，finish→finishes 2．功能：
（1）表现在的事实、状态或动作。例如： ①I have a dream. ②She loves music.
③Mary's parents get up very early.
（2）表习惯性动作或职业，常与 often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，occasionally，frequently，seldom 等时间副词连用。例如：
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①I always take a walk after supper. ②She writes to me very often. ③She is an English teacher.
（3）表客观真理，格言警句或事实。例如： ①The earth moves around the sun.
②The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. ③Two and two makes four. ④ No man but errs.
（4）表示将来发生的动作：
A．在由 when，after, before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless，as long as，where，whatever，wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。例如： ① I'll tell her when she comes tomorrow. ② Even if it rains this afternoon, I'll meet you. ③Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed. ④ I'll be right here waiting for you wherever you go.
B．按时间表将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。例如： ①The play begins at 6:30 this evening. ②When does the plane take off? ③He leaves for that city next week.
④According to the timetable, the train starts at 9 o’clock. 二．一般过去时：动词的过去式
1．表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。例如： ①We visited the school last spring.
②I went to school by bike when I was in middle school. ③China was founded in 1949.
2．在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。例如： ①She told me she would’t go with us if it rained the next day. ②They would not leave until she came back.
③His girlfriend promised to marry him once he bought her a big house. 三．一般将来时：shall / will + 动词原形
1．表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。例如： ①He will graduate from the college next year.
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②We shall finish our work as quickly as possible. 2．将来时的其它结构。 例如：
I .is/am/are going to do sth.（美国口语中常读作 be gonna） ①I'm going to buy a new car this fall. ②He is going to sell his house.
注意：be going to 与 will 的对比：下列情况须用 will ①I will be sixteen years old next year. ②It will be the 20th of August tomorrow. ③When he comes, I will give him your message.
II. is/am/are + to do sth.表示计划安排做某事或征求意见。例如： ①Am I to take over his work? ②We are to meet at the gate.
III. is/am/are about to do sth. 即将做某事。例如： ①The talk is about to begin.
四．一般过去将来时：would + 动词原形
1.表示过去某时之后将出现的情况，通常用于宾语从句中。例如： ①He said that they would meet me at the station. ②She told me that she would come to see me.
2.表示过去习惯性动作（不管什么人称都用 would）。例如： ①Whenever he had time,Tom would go to see his grandma. ②The old couple would go for a walk after supper. 注意句型：
was/were about to do sth. when……正要做某事,这时……
=was/were on the point of doing sth. when……（when 引导的从句要用一般过去时）例如： ①He was about to go out when the telephone rang. ②I was about to go shopping when it rained.
③She was on the point of having supper when the light went off.
五．现在进行时：is / am / are +现在分词
1．表示现在正在进行的动作。例如： ①The water is boiling. Shall I make tea?
②The workers are building a new bridge across the river.
2．表现阶段正进行的动作。例如：
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