直接引语和间接引语
引述别人的话时,一般采用两种方式：一是直接引用别人的原话,并放在引号内,称为直接引语；二是用自己的话转述别人的话,被转述的话不放在引号内,称为间接引语。间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从句。直接引语变间接引语的方法如下： 一．句式结构的变化 1、直接引语是陈述句时 间接引语变为that引导的宾语从句（口语中that可以省略），主句的动词主要有say ,tell等。 （1） 一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if (whether)引导的宾语从句。 （2） 选择疑问句变为whether….or 宾语从句。 (3)特殊疑问句变为仍然用原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。 She said, \ →She said________ their bus would arrive in five minutes. (that) She said, \→She asked me________ I often went there to read newspapers. ( if /whether) She asked me, %u have seen the film, haven’t you?\ →She asked me_____ I had seen the film. ( if /whether) I asked him, \you stay at home or go to a film tonight?\→I asked him _______ he would stay at home_____ go to a film that night. (whether；or) He asked, \ →He asked me_______ I lived. (Where) 2、直接引语是疑问句时 [注意] 直接引语是疑问句时,间接引语变为陈述语序, 主句的谓语动词say 改为ask或wonder等。但是，直接引语是：What's wrong with……?/What's the matter? /What's the trouble?/What has happened?等特殊疑问句时,间接引语的语序不变。 He said to her “What’s wrong /the matter with you?”他问她“你怎么了？” He asked her what was wrong/ the matter with her. 他问她怎么了。 3.直接引语是感叹句时 间接引语变为仍然用what 或how 引导的宾语从句，也可以变为用that 引导的陈述句。 间接引语变为 “ask /tell/beg/ order/warn/ advise sb (not) to do sth.”句型。 She said, \→She said _________a lovely day it was . 或She said _______it was a lovely day. （what；that） She said, \→She said________ lovely the day was . 或She said_________ the day was lovely .（how; that） The teacher said to the boy, \→The teacher told the boy ______the window. (to open) His father said to him, “Don’t leave the door open .” →His father told him _________ the door open. ( not to leave) 4. 直接引语是祈使句时 二．人称代词的变化
人称代词的变化遵循“一随主，二随宾，三不变”。 1. “一随主” 是指把直接引语中的第一人称(如：I，me，my，mine，we，us，our，ours)变为与主句的主语相一致的人称。 She said. \→She said ____brother wanted to go with_____. (her；her) 1
2. “二随宾” 是指把直接引语中的第二人称(you，your，yours)变为和主句的宾语相一致的人称。如果主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。 是指直接引语中的第三人称(he，him，his，she，her，hers, it，its, they, them, their，theirs)变为间接引语时，人称不变。 He said to Kate, \ →He asked Kate how ____ sister was then. (her) She said, “Is your father an engineer?” →She asked____ whether_____ father was an engineer. ( me; my) Mr. Smith said, \ → Mr. Smith said_____ was a good worker. (She) 3. “三不变” 三．时态以及时间状语的变化 1. 主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时 2. 主句谓语动词为过去时 直接引语变为间接引He says, “I like the work.” 语时，时态一律不变。 → He says that he _____ the work. (likes) He will say, “I have watered the flowers.” → He will say he______ the flowers.( has watered) 间接引语中的时态以及时间状语按下列变化 时态 He said, “I met Mr. Smith this morning.” （1） 一般现在时→一般过去时 → He said that he ____ Mr. （2） 现在进行时→过去进行时 Smith ____ morning. (had （3） 一般将来时→过去将来时 met; that) （4） 现在完成时→过去完成时 He said, “We went to the （5） 一般过去时→过去完成时 cinema yesterday.” （6） 过去完成时不变 （1）表现在now→ then；today→ →He said they______ to the (had 的→表过去that day；this week cinema __________. gone; the day before) →that week 的 Lily said, “I will come （2）表过去yesterday back next month.” 的→表过去 →the day before； →Lily said that she ______ last week 完成的 back __________. (would go; →the week before； the next month) two years ago →two years before /earlier （3）表一般将来的→表过去将来的 tomorrow→ the next /following day； next week →the next/following week 时间状语 [注意] 在以下几种情况下, 直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。 ①直接引语是客观真理, \ the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth________ around the sun.( moves) 时态不变。 ②直接引语中有具体的过去某年/月/日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。 Xiao Wang said, \ →Xiao Wang said he_______ on April 20, 1980.( was born) 2
③直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。 Jack said, “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?” →Jack asked John where he______ when he met him in the street.( was going) She said, “I will come here this evening.” →She said that she would______ that evening. ( go there) 四． 其他变化 指示代词 表地点的词 动词 this →that , these→ those here →there bring → take , come →go 巩固练习 （一）单句改错
1.He said that he is going to London. 2.Tom said they had finished the job two days ago. 3.She asked me don’t smoke in the room. 4.They asked that he was there.
5.I asked you where was he going. 6.The teacher told us not talk any more.
7.He said that the earth was round. 8. The old man said the story had happened in 1980. 9.Mary said that she would see you next week. 10.Mother asked what the matter was. （二）将下列句子改为间接引语
1. “I never eat meat.” he said. →He said that ______ never ______ meat.
2. “I’ve found my wallet.” he said to me. →He ______ me that he ______ ______ ______ wallet. 3. “I took it home with me.” she said. → She said that ______ ______ _______ it home with her. 4. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.”
→The teacher said that the sun ______ in the east and ______ down in the west.
5. “I met her yesterday.” he said to me. →He ______ me that he ______ met the day ______. 6. “You must come here before five.” he said. →He said that I ______ to go ______ before five. 7. “I bought the house 10 years ago.” he said.
→He said that he _______ bought the house 10 years _______.
8. “Did you see her last week?” he said. →He ______ ______ I had seen her the week _______. 9. He said, “You can sit here, Jim.” →He ______ Jim that he ______ sit there 10. He asked, “How did you find it, mother?”
→ He asked her mother ______ ______ ______ found it. 11. “Where have you been these days?” he asked.
→He asked me _____ _____ _____been _______ days.
12. “Do you know where she lives?” he asked. → He asked ____ _____ knew where she ______. 13. “Stop making so much noise, children.” he said.
→He ______ the children ______ ______ making so much noise.
14. “Don’t tell him the news.” she said. →She told me _______ ______ ______ him the news. 15. “Are you interested in this?” he said. → He ______ ______ I was interested in ______. 【参考答案】
（一）I. 1.is→was 2. ago →before 3.don’t→not to 4.that→if/whether5.was he →he was 6.not 后面加to 7. was →is 8. 去掉had 9. next前面加the 10.was the matter
（二）1. he, ate 2. told, had, found, his 3. she, had, taken 4. rise, goes 5. told, had, before 6. had, there 7. had, before 8. asked, if /whether, before 9. told, could 10. how, she, had 11. where, I, had, those 12. if /whether, I, lived 13. told, to, stop 14. not, to, tell 15. asked, if /whether, that
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