辽宁科技大学本科生毕业设计 第I页
简易石材磨光机系统设计
摘要
传送带式石料磨光机就是专门用来磨削加工石料表面并最终获得准确尺寸和光亮美观表面的板材墓碑石和拼花石的一种机器设备。它在磨头升降和加压控制，以及传送带驱动两个装置中，采用了液压传动系统。它的基本结构分为上下两大部分。上部包括四组磨头，每组磨头由单独的电机经三角皮带轮驱动主轴旋转，机器下部包括由许多链板组成的传送带，以及送料和出料装置。电机经链条驱动链轮带动传送带作反时针方向运动。被加工的石料板坯，由右端的送料装置连续送人传送带上，经过四组磨头的磨削加工，达到预定的尺寸和光洁度以后，由左端出料装置上取出，成为合格产品。根据设计任务书的要求，本设计说明书针对石材磨光机进行设计说明。主要内容包括简易石材磨光机结构设计；电机功率的计算与确定；液压系统的组成、工作原理、液压系统参数、拟定液压系统图；液压元件的计算及选择，包括液压缸、液压阀、油箱容积、压力损失、发热与温升等相关计算。
关键词：磨光机、液压、设计
辽宁科技大学本科生毕业设计 第II页
Simple stone material polishing
engine system design
Abstract
The transmission belt type stone material polishing engine is uses for the abrasive machining stone material surface specially and finally obtains the accurate size and luminous artistic surface plate tombstone Shi Hepin the rocks and flowers one kind of machine equipment.It in the wheelhead fluctuation and the compression control, as well as the conveyer belt actuates in two equipments, has used the hydraulic actuation system. About its basic structure divides into two major parts.Upside including four groups of wheelheads, each group of wheelheads actuates main axle revolving by the independent electrical machinery after the v-belt pulley, lower part the machine including the conveyer belt which is composed by many link joints, as well as feeding and material installment.The electrical machinery actuates the chain wheel impetus conveyer belt after the chain link to make the counter-clockwise direction movement.Stone material tube blank which processes, sees somebody off continuously by the right margin feeding equipment on the conveyer belt, passes through four group of wheelhead abrasive machinings, achieved after predetermined size and smooth finish, takes out by the left side material installment in, becomes the certified product.According to the design project description request, this design instruction booklet carries on the design explanation in view of the stone material polishing engine.Primary coverage including simple stone material polishing engine structural design; Electrical machinery power computation and determination; The hydraulic system composition, the principle of work, the hydraulic system parameter, draws up the hydraulic scheme; The hydraulic pressure part computation and the choice, including the hydraulic cylinder, the hydraulic valve, the fuel tank volume, the pressure loses, gives off heat with correlation computations and so on the temperature rise.
Key word: Polishing engine, hydraulic pressure, design
辽宁科技大学本科生毕业设计 第III页
目录
摘要 ·········································································································· I ABSTRACT ····························································································· II 1 绪论 ····································································································· 1
1.1 液压与气动的发展史 ·········································································· 1 1.2 液压的发展现状和趋势 ········································································ 2 1.3我国液压技术发展现状及趋势 ································································· 5 1.3.1目前状况 ······················································································· 6 1.3.2今后发展走势 ················································································· 7
2 石材磨光机的液压系统原理 ·································································· 8 3 总体方案设计 ······················································································ 12 4 液压系统的计算 ·················································································· 16
4.1油缸推力的确定 ·················································································· 16 4.2 油缸的工作压力、工作面积 ··································································· 17 4.2.1 确定油缸的工作压力 ······································································ 17 4.2.2 确定油缸工作面积和尺寸 ································································ 18 4.2.3 油泵的工作压力 ··········································································· 18 4.3 流量的计算 ························································································ 19 4.3.1油缸的需油量 ················································································ 19 4.3.2 油泵的供油量 ················································································ 19 4.4油泵功率计算 ····················································································· 19
5 液压系统的验算 ·················································································· 21
5.1系统的发热验算 ·················································································· 21
辽宁科技大学本科生毕业设计 第IV页
5.2系统的效率 ························································································ 22
6 液压元件的选择 ·················································································· 23
6.1单向阀的选择 ····················································································· 23 6.2换向阀的选择 ····················································································· 23 6.3溢流阀的选择 ····················································································· 23 6.4减压阀的选择 ···························································· 错误！未定义书签。 6.5蓄能器的选择 ····················································································· 24 6.6滤油器的选择 ····················································································· 25 6.7单向节流阀的选择 ··············································································· 25
7液压油的选择 ······················································································· 26 8液压系统故障的排除 ············································································ 27
8.1液压系统泄漏 ····················································································· 27 8.2油温过高 ··························································································· 28 8.3液压缸运行中有抖动爬行现象 ································································ 29 8.4振动与噪声 ························································································ 30 8.5液压系统压力不足或完全无压力 ····························································· 30 8.6工作机构运行速度不够或完全不动 ·························································· 31
结论 ········································································································ 33 致谢 ········································································································ 34 参考文献 ································································································ 35
辽宁科技大学本科生毕业设计 第1页
1 绪论
1.1 液压与气动的发展史
液压传动和气压传动称为流体传动，是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起来的一门新兴技术，是工农业生产中广为应用的一门技术。如今，流体传动技术水平的高低已成为一个国家工业发展水平的重要标志。
1795 年英国约瑟夫·布拉曼 (Joseph Braman,1749 -- 1814) ，在伦敦用水作为工作介质 , 以水压机的形式将其应用于工业上 , 诞生了世界上第一台水压机。 1905 年将工作 介质水改为油 , 又进一步得到改善。
第一次世界大战 (1914 -- 1918) 后液压传动广泛应用 , 特别是 1920 年以后 , 发展更为迅速。液压元件大约在19世纪末20世纪初的20年间，才开始进入正规的工业生产阶段。1925年维克斯(F.Vikers)发明了压力平衡式叶片泵,为近代液压元件工业或液压传动的逐步建立奠定了基础。20世纪初康斯坦丁·尼斯克 (G · Constantimsco) 对能量波动传递所进行的理论及实际研究；1910 年对液力传动(液力联轴节、液力变矩器等)方面的贡献，使这两方面领域得到了发展。
第二次世界大战 (1941 -- 1945) 期间 , 在美国机床中有30%应用了液压传动。 应该指出 , 日本液压传动的发展较欧美等国家晚了近20多年。在1955年前后 , 日本迅速发展液压传动 ,1956 年成立了“ 液压工业会 ” 。近 20~30 年间，日本液压传动发展之快，届世界领先地位。
液压传动有许多突出的优点，因此它的应用非常广泛，如一般工业用的塑料加工机械、压力机械、机床等；行走机械中的工程机械、建筑机械、农业机械、汽车等；钢铁工业用的冶金机械、提升装置、轧辊调整装置等；土木水利工程用的防洪闸门及堤坝装置、河床升降装置、桥梁操纵机构等；发电厂涡轮机调速装置、核发电厂等国；船舶用的甲板起重机械（绞车）、船头门、舱壁阀、船尾推进器等；特殊技术用的巨型天线控制装置、测量浮标、升降旋转舞台等；军事工业用的火炮操纵装置、船舶减摇装置、飞行器仿真、飞机起落架的收放装置和方向舵控制装置等。
气压传动的应用历史悠久。从 18 世纪的产业革命开始 , 气压传动逐渐被应用于各类行业中 。 如矿山用的风钻 , 火车的刹车装置等。而气压传动应用于一般工业中的自动化、省力化则是近些年的事情。目前世界各国都把气压传动作为一种低成本的工业自