1. An abstract serves an important function in a research report. It communicates the scope of your paper and the topics discussed to your reader. In doing so, it facilitates research. Abstracts help scientists to locate materials that are relevant to their research from among published papers, and many times scientists will only read a paper’s abstract in order to determine whether the paper will be relevant to them. Considering your audience and their needs will help you to determine what should be included in your abstract.(P30-2.1.3) 摘要在一份研究报告中起到重要的作用。它把你的研究范围和你读者讨论的题目联系在一起。这样做时，帮助了研究。摘要可以帮助科学家从众多出版物中查找与他们研究有关的材料，很多时候科学家只阅读文章的摘要去判定这篇文章是否对他们有用。考虑到你的读者以及他们的需求会帮助你决定你的摘要应该包括哪些内容。
2. An informative abstract acts as a report in miniature, encapsulating the whole paper. It summarizes the key information from every major section in the body of the report, and provides the key facts and conclusions from the body of the report. A good way to develop an informative abstract is to devote a sentence or two to each of the major parts of the report. If space permits, you can provide contextual information such as background of the problem and the significance of the research, but you can also omit contextual information because the abstract is not supposed to serve as an introduction to the subject matter of the report—your introduction will serve that role. You should, however, include key numerical facts to make the informative abstract brief and readers will not be surprised to see key data in an informative abstract.(P34-2.3.1)
一段信息性摘要起到浓缩整片文章使之成为微型报告的作用。他概述了报告主体部分每个主要段落的关键信息，还提供了关键事实和结论。开发一段信息性摘要有一个好方法就是从报告的每个主要段落提炼一到两句话。如果空间允许的话，你可以提供上下文的信息，如问题的背景和研究的意义，但是你也可以忽略上下文信息，因为摘要不应该像介绍那样阐述报告的主题，而你的介绍才是这样的角色。然而，你必须包括关键数据使信息性摘要简短，并且读者在信息性摘要中看到关键数据不会惊讶。
3. An indicative abstracts (sometimes called descriptive abstracts) merely includes information about the purpose, scope and methods used to arrive at the findings contained in the original document. The function of indicative abstracts is to help readers understand the general nature and scope of the research article. An indicative abstract indicates the subject
and the main findings of the paper but it does not go into a detailed step-by-step account of the process involved. It is brief and concise, from which readers can decide if they should continue to read the entire paper. This type of abstract is often used in writing theoretical papers, commentary articles, and in some circumstances, conference proceedings.(P35-2.3.2) 一篇指示性摘要（有时候会称之为描述性摘要）仅仅包括原始文档中目的、范围以及用来得到研究结果的方法的信息。指示性摘要的作用是帮助读者理解科研文章的一般性质和范围。指示性摘要显示文章的主题和主要发现，但并不一步一步详细的介绍过程。它言简意赅，读者可以因此决定是否需要阅读整篇文章。这种类型的摘要通常在理论论文，评论文章，以及某些情况下的会议论文集中被使用。
4.Put simply, abstracts and summaries are similar-they both represent abbreviated forms of longer works and occasionally the terms are used interchangeably-but they are not identical. Abstracts which frequently accompany journal articles and technical reports condense the document to give readers essential information about research purpose, methods, results, conclusions and recommendations. Most abstracts are a single paragraph, and seldom more than one page. By contrast, summaries are thorough usually longer than abstracts. They are less concerned with condensing the document than with emphasizing results, conclusions and recommendations. Independent or executive summaries precede document, concluding summaries end a document.(P40-2.5最后一段，多为中翻英)
简而言之，摘要和概要是相似的，他们都是长篇作品的缩略形式，偶尔是可以互换的，但它们又是不同的。摘要通常是伴随期刊论文和科技报告一起的，通过压缩文档告诉读者研究目的、方法、结果、结论和建议的主要信息。大部分摘要只有一个段落，很少会超过一页。相比之下，概要通常比摘要篇幅长。它们注重于强调结果，结论和建议而不是压缩文档。独立概要或执行纲要在文档的前面，结束概要在文档的结尾。 5.An abstracts must be a fully self-contained, capsule description of the paper. It can’t assume (or attempt to provoke) the reader into flipping through looking for an explanation of what is meant by some vague statement. It must make sense all by itself. Some points to consider include: Meet the word count limitation. If your abstract runs too long, either it will be rejected or someone will take a chainsaw to it to get it down to size. Your purposes will be better served by doing the difficult task of cutting yourself, rather than leaving it to someone else who might be more interested in meeting size restrictions than in representing your
efforts in the best possible manner.(P43-2.6.6)
一篇摘要必须是完全独立的，是整篇文章简要的描述。摘要不应该因为读者在翻阅查找某个解释时遇到模糊不清的语句而使读者厌恶（或试图激怒）。摘要必须依靠它本身就可以解释清楚。以下几点需要考虑到：满足字数限制。如果你的摘要过长，要么它会被拒绝要么会被别人舍弃一部分使得篇幅变小。通过你自己来缩减摘要可以更好的达到你的目的，而不是让其他人完成，他们可能更关注的是使文章满足字数限制而不是将你的努力用最好的方式表达。(P47-3.1中间段)
6.Of the various types of documents, scientists and engineers take greatest pride in writing research papers for publication in journals, which keep scientists and engineers up to date on what is going on in their professions. The writer has information the reader needs: what was found, how it was found, what the findings mean. Good scientists and engineers are interested in the quality of their writing as they are in order aspects of their work. They know that technical effort counts for little if the written reports of that work do not convey information adequately.
在不同类型的文档中，最让科学家和工程师倍感自豪的是为期刊出版社撰写科研论文，这使得他们了解他们所在领域的最新消息。作者有读者所需要的信息：什么被发现，如何被发现的，这些发现意味着什么。优秀的科学家、工程师对他们文章质量和工作的的其他方面一样感兴趣。他们知道如果他们工作的书面报告没有充分表达信息那么他们在技术上的努力就会不被放在眼里。
7.The key to an effective research paper is integrating the research into the body of the paper. This is also the most difficult part of writing the paper. The research should support and lend credence to your conclusions, but it should not dominate the paper. Much of the writing should be your own ideas that are supported by research. Transitional words and phrases should be used to connect your thoughts to the references. If that’s not done, the writing will be stilted and contrived; the paper will be choppy, and coherence will be lost. Remember that the research paper is like all other formal essays, and all of the rules of good writing apply. The paper should have an introduction, a body and a conclusion. It should be focused and fully developed.(P51中间段，重点！！)
一篇实在的科研论文的关键在于整合研究的主体。这也是论文写作最困难的部分。研究应该支持和验证了你的结论，但不应该占文章的主体。应该大量写依赖于研究而产