《语言学教程》重难点学习提示 第一章 语言的性质
语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。 第二章 语言学
语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。
第三章 语音学
发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。 第四章 音位学
音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。 第五章 词法学
词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。 第六章 词汇学
词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。 第七章 句法
句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。 第八章 语义学
语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。 第九章 语言变化
语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）； 第十章 语言、思维与文化
语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。
第十一章 语用学
语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原则。
1. 语言的普遍特征：
任意性arbitrariness
双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构 多产性productivity
移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西 文化传播性cultural transmission 2。语言的功能：
传达信息功能informative 人济功能：interpersonal 行事功能：Performative 表情功能：Emotive 寒暄功能：Phatic 娱乐功能recreatinal 元语言功能 metalingual
3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支 语音学Phonetics 音位学 phonology 形态学 Morphology 句法学 syntax 语义学 semantics 语用学 pragmatics
4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure
提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语 5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky
提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance
1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:
a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain language b. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing. c. we can u se language to refer to something not present
d. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before. 2.What is the most important function of language? a. interpersonal b. phatic
c. informative d.metallingual
3.The function of the sentence \a informative b. phatic c. directive d. performative
4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __ a saussure b. halliday
c. chomsky
d. the prague school
5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole? a. saussure b. chomsky c. halliday d anomymous 第二节 语音学
1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成
2.辅音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract. 3.辅音的发音方式
爆破音 complete obstruction 鼻音 nasals 破裂音 plosives
部分阻塞辅音 partial obstruction 擦音 fricatives
破擦音 affricates等 4.辅音清浊特征voicing 辅音的送气特征 aspiration 5.元音vowel
分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状
6双元音 diphthongs,有元音过渡 vowel glides 1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.
a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech b. the perception of sounds c. the combination of sounds d. the production of sounds
2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __ a. the place of articulation b.the obstruction f airstream c. the position of the tongue d. the shape of the lips
3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k t a. voiceless b. spread c.voiced d.nasal
4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak? a. voicing b. aspiration c.roundness d. nasality
5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English? a. voicing
b.nasal
c. approximation d. aspiration
6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __ a. voiced stop b. voiceless stop c. voiced fricative d. voiceless fricative
7.p is divverent from k in __ a. the manner of articulation b. the shape of the lips
c. the vibration of the vocal cords d.the palce of articualtion
8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __ a. aspiration b.nasality c. obstruction d. voicing
第三节 音位学 phonology
1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。
2.音位phoneme：最小语音单位 3.音位变体allophones:读音差别
4.对比性分布：如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中，而且产生了两个不同的单词， 5.互补性分布；如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中，那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系，如送气p绝不会出现在s之后，不送气的p绝不会出现在词首 6.音节syllable，分为节首onset，节峰peak，节尾coda
7.辅音群:一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音，节尾不能超过4个 8.最小语音对minimal pairs I. Introduction
1. What is Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 2. What is Linguistics(语言学)
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics 3.1 Speech and Writing
One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have. 3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性)
A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for \
3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a
language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. 3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语)
This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue. 3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为)
Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声). 4. The Scope of Linguistics
General linguistics is the study of language as a whole. Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.
Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages. Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.
Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.
Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.
Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind. Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes.
Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.
Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.
Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.
Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts are applied, often with the aid of a computer. II. Phonetics(语音学） 1. scope of phonetics
Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:
Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调） in the process.
Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节） by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经） and the brain.
Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学） we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（传送） between mouth and ear. 2. The vocal organs
The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(气流发生器官） the producer of voice（声音发生器官） and the resonating cavities.（声音共振器官）