初中英语定语从句讲解与练习学案
一．定语从句的理解：
用来修饰名词或代词的词称为定语：
a tall building the book on the desk anything important the girl in red 如果定语是句子，便称为定语从句。
I know the girl. The girl is in red. (两个简单句) →I know the girl who is in red.（定语从句） 被修饰的词是_______________。这个词就称为先行词。
其中连接两个句子的是______________，称为关系词。关系词在从句中指代先行词，并在从句中充当一定的成分，观察上句，关系词在从句中充当________________。 附：关系词与先行词的关系：
关系词和先行词密切相关，因为关系词用来指代先行词，并且在从句中充当一定的成分。 定语从句中常用的关系词有：
关系代词 who / whom (先行词表示人) which (先行词表示物) that / whose (先行词表示人或物)
关系代词在从句中可充当主语，宾语或定语；
关系副词 when (表示时间) where (表示地点) why (表示原因)
关系副词在从句中充当状语。
结论：关系词常有三个作用：1、引导定语从句 2、代替先行词 3、在定语从句中担当一个成分
二．按关系词种类学习 （一）关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人，在从句中做主语。
(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One. (2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 (2) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ( which 在句子中做主语) (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. ( which 在句子中做宾语) 4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。 在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
(1) The people that/who come to visit the city are all here. (在句子中做主语)
(2) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? (在句子中做宾语)
(3)Is this the doctor that（whom）you talked about yesterday？这就是你们昨天谈论的那位医生吗？ (4)The letter that（which）I received yesterday was from my father．昨天我收到的信是我父亲寄来的。 5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. 注：whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
(3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
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(4)Do you like the book whose color is yellow? =Do you like the book the color of which is yellow? 注：that的用法
(1) 只能用that而不用which作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
(a) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, all等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？ Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 (b) 先行词有the only, the very, the last, just修饰时，只用that。 This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我想买的字典。
(c) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级修饰时，只用that,不能用which。. This is the first English movie that I have ever seen. 这是我曾看过的第一部英文电影。 This is the best book that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的书。 (d) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
(e) 当主句以There be…结构开头时，或关系代词在there be…结构中作实义主语，先行词为物。
There is a seat in the corner that is still free. There are two books on history that are for you. (f) 主句的主语是疑问词who /which时。 Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？
Who that break the window should be punished. 谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚． (2) 不用that的情况
(a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
The necklace, which you gave me as a present, was lost yesterday. 你送给我做礼物的项链昨天丢了。 Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (b) 介词后不能用。注：介词+关系词引导定语从句时，介词后只能用which或whom。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. =We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 关系代词一览表 关系代词 who whom whose 指代 人 人 人的 物的 引导的从句 限制性，非限制性 限制性，非限制性 限制性，非限制性 在从句中的作用 例 句 主语，宾语 This is the scientist who came from London. Is this the famous singer (who/ whom) you talked about yesterday? 宾语 定语 She is a student (who/ whom)we should learn from. 她是一个我们应该学习的学生。 They rushed over to help the man whose car broke down. 他们跑过去帮助那个汽车抛锚的人。 Have you seen the film “Titanic”, whose leading actor is world famous? Is he the man who wants to see you? 2 注：使用关系代词who, whom, whose时注意的几方面 关系代词的 关系代词在从句中作主语时不省略 能省略，作宾语时可以省略。他就是那个想见你的人吗？ who既可作主语，也可作宾语，He is the man (who/ whom) I saw yesterday. 而whom只能作宾语。 他就是我昨天看见的那个人。 whose既可以指“人的”，也可There is a mountain whose top/the top of which/of 以指“物的”。指“物的”时，which the top is always covered with snow. 能与of which互换，而且of 有一座山顶常年被雪覆盖的山。 which既可置于名词之前，也可置于名词之后，且名词之前必须有定冠词the。 whose+ n. = the+ n. + of which/ of which the + n. （二）关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词：在句中作状语 关系副词= 介词+关系代词
why= for which where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
1. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语用来表示地点的定语从句。 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. when引导定语从句表示时间。在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用
[了解] 表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that。
By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到达伦敦的时候，我们在那里已经待了两个星期。
I still remember the first time I met her. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她。
Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。 每一次他去出差，他带来了生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等，很多。 3. why指原因 在定语从句中做原因状语
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when ,where
和why 互换。
(1) This is the house where/ in which I lived two years ago.
(2) From the year when/in which he went to school, he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. (3) I still remember the day when/on which I joined our club. (4) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, 关系副词用法一览表 3