选修 8 Unit 1 A land of diversity-Reading
CALIFORNIA
California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world. The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.
Unit1 加利福尼亚
加利福尼亚是美国的第三大州，而且是人口最多的州。加州与众
不同之处在于它也是美国最具多元文化的一个州，它吸引了来自世界 各地的人们。 这些移民的风俗习惯以及语言在他们的新家都得以延续。 当你了解了加利福尼亚的历史后，你就不会对此感到惊讶了。 NATIVE AMERCANS
Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. Thousands were killed or forced into slavery.
In addition, many died from the diseasesbrought by the Europeans. However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more
Native Americans living in California than in any other state. 美洲土著人
最早的一批人具体是在什么时候来到我们现在所知道的加利福尼
亚地区的，谁也说不清楚。然而，很可能至少在
15 ,000 年以前美洲土
著人就住在加利福尼亚了。科学家们认为，这些迁居者通过一条史前
时代曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。欧洲人在
16 世纪来到这儿后，土著人遭受了极大的苦难，成千上万的人被杀害或被迫成为奴隶。此外，欧洲人带来了疾病，使许多人染病而死，不过，还是有一些人在经历了这些恐怖时期后活下来了。今天住在加利
福尼亚的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。
THE SPANISH
In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people and took their land. Two centuries later, the
Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence from Spain. California then became part of Mexico. In 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. However, there is still a strong Spanish influence in the state. That is why today over 40 of
Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. 西班牙人
在 18 世纪的时候， 加利福尼亚是由西班牙统治的西班牙士兵最早是 在 1 6 世纪初期来到南美洲的， 他们同土著人打仗， 并夺去了他们的土地 3 两个世纪以后，西班牙人在南美洲的大部分地区定居下来，而且还在我们现在称之为美国的西北沿海地区住下来 c 在首批移
居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向原住民传
授天主教。 1821 年，墨西哥人从西班牙获得了独立 -加利福尼亚于是成
了墨西哥的一部分。 1846 年美国向墨西哥宣战， 美国赢得战争胜利后，
墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亚割让给美国。但是，这个州至今仍然保留着
很强的西班牙的影响。这就是为什么今天还有
40%的加利福尼亚人仍
然把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的缘故。
RUSSIANS
In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began settling in California. Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco.
俄罗斯人
19 世纪初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄罗斯猎人开始在加利福尼亚定居下来。今天，住在圣弗朗西斯科（旧金山）及其周边地区的美籍俄罗斯人约有 25,000 人。
GOLD MINERS
In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in
California. The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States. Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich. Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship. They settled in the new towns or on farms. By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.
淘金矿工
1848 年，在美国同墨西哥开战之后不久， 在加利福尼亚发现了金矿。
发财梦很快就吸引了世界各地的人。距离最近因而来得最早的是南美
洲人和美国人。随后跟着来的有欧洲和亚洲的探险家。事实上很少有
人圆了发财梦。一些人死了或回家了，但是尽管条件十分艰苦，多数
人还是留在了加利福尼亚劳作谋生， 并在新的城镇或农场里定居下来。
到 1850 年加利福尼亚成为美国第 31 个州的时候，它已经是一个有着
多种文化的社会了。
LATER A RRIV ALS
Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of California, although a large
percentage have chosen to stay in the \San Francisco.
Other immigrants such as Italians, mainly fishermen but also wine makers, arrived in California in the late 19th century. In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. By the 1920s the film industry was well established in Hollywood, California. The industry boom attracted Europeans including many Jewish people. Today California has the second largest Jewish population in the United States.
Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since the 1980s a lot more have settled there. People from Africa have been living in California since the 1800s, when they moved north from Mexico. However, even more arrived between 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraft industries.
后来的移民
虽然中国移民在淘金热时期就开始到来了， 但是更大批量的移民却
是在 1 9 世纪 60 年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。 今天，
加利福尼亚州各地都有美籍华人，尽管有很大比例的华人还是选择住
在洛杉矶和圣弗朗西斯科（旧金山）的“中国城”里。
19 世纪后期，其他国家的移民，比如意大利人来到了加利福尼亚，他们主要是渔民，也有制酒工人。 1911 年，丹麦的移民建立了自己的
城镇，至今仍然保留着丹麦文化。 20 世纪 20 年代，电影业在加州的