第二章英汉对比 一、语言对比 1.主语与主题
西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。汉语是主题显著(topic-prominent)的语言。 ☆A dialect is known by every linguist in this room. 有一种方言这间屋子里的每一个语言学家都懂得。 ☆I would not believe what he said. 他的话，我可不信。
☆I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting. 会上讲了什么，我一点没记住。 ☆I know Mr. Wang. 王先生我认识。 ☆He is the best singer. 唱歌，他是最棒的。 2.形合和意合
英语——形合（hypotaxis），汉语——意合（parataxis） 英语用连词，汉语不用连词
☆Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him. 跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。
☆Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell. 打死我也不说。
☆Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 ☆If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
☆We will not attack unless we are attacked. 人不犯我，我不犯人。
☆As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain. （由于）天气很好，我们决定去爬山。 ☆My sister was expecting me, so I had to go now. 我妹妹在等我，我得走了。
☆A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.
没有外力的作用，运动的物体就连续做匀速直线运动。
☆We knew spring was coming as we had seen a robin. 我们看见了一只知更鸟，知道春天快要到了。 3.树状与竹状
☆英语——竹状 汉语——树状
☆The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days. （复杂，有五个从句） 男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。（简单）
☆The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have been invented.
月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大象在跑来跑去，我们用已经发明的最高倍率的望远镜也不能看到它们。
Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was buried under a stone which described him as he had wished to be remembered as the author of the Declaration on Independence and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and the father of the University of Virginia.
1826年杰斐逊逝世。按他生前遗愿，在他墓地的石碑上刻着：独立宣言和弗吉尼亚州信教自由法令的作者，弗吉尼亚大学创建人之墓。 4.动态和静态
英语——静态，少用动词 汉语——动态，多用动词
☆He arrived at the railway station and found that the train had already gone. 他到了火车站发现火车已经开走了。
Linking theory with practice is a excellent tradition of our Party. 理论联系实际是我们党的优良传统.（理论本身不能联系实际） ☆The problem under discussion is very important. 讨论的问题很重要。
Everybody have been on holiday. 大家都去度假了。
☆Party officials worked long hour on meagre food, in old caves, by dim lamps. 党的干部吃着粗茶淡饭，住着寒冷的窑洞，点着昏暗的油灯，长时间地工作。 What film will be on this evening? 今晚放映什么影片？
☆He walked around the house with a gun. 他拿着枪，绕着屋子走。
A study of that letter leaves us in no doubt as to the motives behind it.
研究一下那封信，就使我们毫不怀疑该信是别有用心的。 The very first sight of her made him fall in love with her. 他对她一见钟情。 ※记！标语 Admittance Free 免票入场 Out of Bounds 游客止步
No Admittance Except on Business 闲人免进
Danger of Death – High Voltage! 高压（电），生命危险！ 二、文化对比 老师,您辛苦了!
Did you enjoy your class? 1.颜色 a faired hair girl 金发女郎 a cuckold 绿帽子 2.动物 She is a cat 包藏祸心的女人 the old dragon 魔鬼 4.文化价值
中国——集体主义，大陆农业性文化 外国——个体主义，海洋商业性文化 5.风俗习惯
英美人称呼别人一般有以下几种方式：
(1)formal situation (正式场合)，一般用title + surname(头衔+姓氏)，如John smith可称作Mr. Smith;
(2)Ordinary situation(一般场合)，用title + surname or given name(头衔+姓氏或直接叫名字)，如：James Well称为Mr. Well或James;
(3)informal situation /close relationship(非正式场合或关系密切),用given name(直接叫对方的