第三讲 情态动词和虚拟语气
PartⅠ 真题变式体验
1.[2015·福建高考]—Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again. —Oh, it's too bad. You________ have made full preparations.
答案:should 根据句式结构可知,此处考查情态动词用法,结合语义,可知此处表示“本应该做而未做的事”,故填should,暗含对对方的责怪。
2.[2015·陕西高考]You________ feel all the training a waste of time, but I'm a hundred percent sure later you'll be grateful you did it.
答案:may 根据句中的“but I'm a hundred percent sure later you'll be grateful you did it”可判断出,表示对前面情况的一种推测,所以用may“也许,可能”。
3.[2015·重庆高考]You ________ be Carol. You haven't changed a bit after all these years. 答案:must 依据第二句可知,此处应用must表示很有把握的推测,意为“一定,肯定”,只用于肯定句,一般不用于否定句或疑问句。
4.[2015·重庆高考]Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway ________ not have written his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
答案:would 该句使用了含有without的含蓄虚拟语气,依据语境可知,这里是对过去情况的假设,因此主句用would+have done结构。
5.[2015·天津高考]I ________ have worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me.
答案:needn't 根据语义可知此处表示“没必要做某事反而做了”,故用“needn't have done”结构。
6.[2015·四川高考]You________ be careful with the camera. It costs!
答案:must 句意:你一定要小心这个相机。它很贵的!根据语境可知,此处表示“一定”,故用must。
7.[2014·江苏高考]It was so sad to me that they, so poor themselves, ________ bring me food.
答案:should 句意:让我难过的是,他们自己那么贫穷,竟然还给我带来食物。should表示说话人惊讶的语气,“竟然”。
8.[2014·江西高考]Life is unpredictable, even the poorest ________ become the richest. 答案:may/might 句意:生活是不可预测的,即使是最贫穷的人也可能成为最富有的人。may/might“可能”。
9.[2014·四川高考]I still remember my happy childhood when my mother ________ take me to Disneyland at weekends.
答案:would 句意:我仍记得我快乐的童年,那时妈妈常在周末带我去迪士尼乐园。would“过去常常”。
10.[2014·重庆高考]It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I ________ done it?
答案:had'本题考查虚拟语气。第一句已经说明是John打坏的窗户,所以第二句中as if
后面要用虚拟语气,而且是对过去的虚拟,故填had。句意:是约翰打坏的窗户,你为什么和我说呢?好像是我打坏的一样。
PartⅡ 语篇模拟演练
阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 [2016·河北调研]
Mum (putting on her coat): I'm going to have to go down to the shop for more bread. Alan: Why?
Mum: I'm not sure what __1__ (happen). I made some sandwiches earlier and left them on the table __2__ I went to answer the phone. But someone must have taken them because they're __3__ (go).
Alan: Oh, it must have been Dad. I'm sure he was in the kitchen __4__ (early).
Mum: No, he went off to his tennis match before I finished __5__ (make) them, so he couldn't have done it. __6__, he couldn't carry a plate of sandwiches as well as all his tennis stuff, so I'm sure __7__ wasn't him. Alan (opening the fridge door): Well, it wasn't me. But Mum, look! Are these your sandwiches here on the bottom shelf of __8__ fridge? Mum: Are they there? Oh, my goodness. I __9__ have put them in there when the phone rang. Oh, dear. I really must be losing my __10__. Now, why did I put on my coat?
Step 1:通读全文,掌握主旨大意。 本文为一位健忘的母亲和女儿间的对话。 Step 2:逐题解答,确定答案。
1.happened。考查时态。根据下句可知,设空处表示过去的事情,故用一般过去时。 2.when。考查从属连词。句意:我早就做好了一些三明治,去接电话时我把它们放在桌子上了。根据left和went及句意可推知,设空处表示“当……的时候”。went为瞬间动词,故while不可用。
3.gone。考查非谓语动词作表语。gone意为“没了,不见了”。
4.earlier。考查副词。句意:我确信他早就在厨房了。earlier“早些时候”。 5.making。考查非谓语动词作宾语。finish后须用动名词而不是不定式作宾语,故答案为making。
6.Anyway/Besides。考查副词用法。根据设空处前后两句的逻辑关系,可判断设空处表示附加关系。句意:无论如何/此外,他不可能拿着一盘子三明治还带着他所有的网球用具……。
7.it。考查代词用法。it用来指代不明身份的人。
8.the。考查冠词用法。设空处后的名词fridge表示特指,故用the。
9.must。考查情态动词用法。句意:我一定是在电话响的时候把它们放在那里的。 10.mind/memory。考查固定搭配。lose one's mind/memory“失去记忆”。 Step 3:代入验证。
需考虑语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑,语法结合语义才能确保万无一失。
(1)情态动词的基本用法:①can与be able to的区别;②must与have to的区别;③shall的用法;④should的用法;⑤used to与would的用法;⑥may与might的用法;⑦need与dare的用法。(2)情态动词表推测:①对现在和将来情况的推测;②对过去情况的知识 清单 推测;③几个情态动词的特殊用法(should/need)。(3)虚拟语气的用法:①条件从句及含蓄条件引出的虚拟语气(but, but for, without, otherwise等);②wish后跟宾语从句中的虚拟语气;③if only, as if/though, would rather, It's high time后跟从句中的虚拟语气;④表示“建议,要求,命令,坚持”等词后跟名词性从句中的虚拟语气。 考点一 情态动词的基本用法 情态动词基本用法也是历年考查热点之一。除了掌握它们的基本含义外,must“非得,偏要”;shall用于第二、三人称表示警告、命令、威胁、允诺、规定等;should“竟然”,也备受命题者的青睐。解决此类问题,一方面要注意情态动词的基本含义,另一方面,要注意特殊语境下的特殊含义。
1can和could的用法 (1)表示“能力”。
学情 分析 考生在情态动词和虚拟语气的学习过程中存在着以下几点问题:(1)考生对情态动词中的特殊情况掌握不熟练,导致在相对复杂的情况中不能透析考查内容的方向,而导致出错;(2)含蓄条件下的虚拟语气出现条件与结论与if条件从句引出的结论不能对应一致,而导致使用混乱;(3)在条件与结论发生在不同时段的情况下,仍按一致的情况作答,而导致错误。 —No one can be compared with Yao Ming in playing basketball. —Oh, you are really his big fan.
——在打篮球方面,无人能与姚明相媲美。 ——你真是姚明的铁杆粉丝。
注意:be able to亦是表“能力”,但更侧重于表示克服种种困难后,所能达到的能力。 We were able to finish it ahead of time, though it was such a tough task. 尽管任务艰巨,我们仍能提前完成。
(2)表示惊讶,常用在否定句和疑问句中。 How could you do such a silly thing? 你怎么能做那样的蠢事呢?
(3)could用于疑问句。表示礼貌地请求别人做某事,意为“能,可以”。 —This dish is really delicious.Could you please say it in Chinese? —Sure, we call it “doufu”.
——这道菜真的很好吃,你能不能用汉语说出菜名是什么? ——当然可以,我们称之为“豆腐”。 (4)表示允许或许可(口语中常用)。
—What should I wear to the party?
—Well, it isn't very formal.You can wear whatever you like. ——晚会我应该穿什么?
——晚会不太正式,你可以穿自己喜欢的任何衣服。
(5)cannot...too/enough表示“无论……也不过分”;“越……越好”。 You can't be too careful while driving. 开车时越小心越好。
2may和might的用法(用于倒装句中)
(1)may和might表示“许可”,“可能性”,“祝愿”(用于倒装句中)等意义。 May you succeed!祝你成功!
注意:当may用于疑问句时,其否定回答是“No, ...mustn't/can't.”。 —May I take this book out of the reading room? —No, you mustn't.You read it in here. ——我可以把书拿出阅览室吗? ——不,决不可以,你在这儿读。
(2)“may/might as well+动词原形”意为“最好,倒不如”。
If you think the price of beef is too high, you may as well buy some pork. It depends on you. 如果你认为牛肉太贵的话,你不妨买些猪肉。你自己决定。 (3)may well用于加强推测语气,表示有较大可能性。 What you say may well be true. 你说的很有可能是事实。
[典例1] [2015·陕西西工大附中二模]—Sometimes I am even sleepy in class.
—It's terrible. You ________ as well go to bed earlier.
[解析] might/may 考查情态动词用法。根据句意可知填may/might。may/might as well“倒不如;最好”。
3must的用法
(1)表示禁止(用于否定句)。
You mustn't park here!It's an emergency exit. 你不可以在这儿停车!这是紧急情况出口处。
(2)表必要性,意为“必须”,强调主观方面的必须,其否定形式是needn't/don't have to。 —Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now? —I am afraid you must,in case he comes late for the meeting. ——我现在通知他日程表的变动吗? ——恐怕你必须通知他,以免他开会迟到。
注意:have to表示“不得不,必须”,强调客观因素所迫而必须去做的事情。 I have to hand in my term paper before 5:00 p.m. today. 今天下午五点之前我不得不交上我的试卷。
(3)表示偏执,固执,意为“非得,偏要”。用于疑问句或条件从句中。 —Where did you get this book? —I picked it up from a second-hand bookshop if you must know. ——你在哪里买的这本书?
——如果你偏要知道,我是在一家二手书店买到的。
4shall的用法
(1)用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示。 Shall I go out for a walk after supper? 晚饭后我可以散散步吗?
(2)用于第二、第三人称陈述句中,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁,或用于正式法律、条规中。
—Will you read me a story, Mummy?
—OK. You shall have one if you go to bed as soon as possible. ——妈妈,给我讲个故事好吗?
——好的,如果你尽快上床睡觉我就给你讲一个。
[典例2] [2015·北京西城区期末]The sign at Gate 8 reads that you ________ show your boarding pass and passport before getting on the plane.
[解析] must 考查情态动词用法。根据语境可知,此处表示“必须做”,故填must。 [典例3] [2015·四川资阳二诊]According to the school rules,a student ________ report any damage to school, properties to a teacher or the office immediately.
[解析] shall 考查情态动词用法。根据“According to the school rules”可知,此处表示正式条规中的内容,故应填shall。