一、被动语态
1) 被动语态最基本的句型结构是： be + Vp.p （及物动词过去分词）
be 动词可以随时态人称的变化而变化
一、 被动语态的用法：
1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned every day. I am asked to study hard by my mother. Knives are used for cutting things.
2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year.
5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. →
7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are two books to be read. →
There are twenty more trees to be planted. 练习：
1. The boy ______ to get supper ready after school yesterday． A. were told B. is telling C. was told D. tells
2. A lot of new roads ______ built in the west of China in ten years． A. must B. will be C. has D. have 3. Chinese _______ by the largest number of people.
A. speak B. is speaking C. speaks D. is spoken 4. The old stone bridge ___ next week.
A.is going to be rebuilt B. will be rebuild C. are going to be rebuilt D. will rebuild 5. The coat___her sister.
A. made to B. were made for C. was made for D. was made to
2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词
原则上，只有及物动词才有被动语态，但是，许多不及物动词加上介词或者副词，变成及物动词短语如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等，这时也可有被动语态。此时应注意短语的整体性，即后面的介词或副词不要丢掉。例如： We should speak to old people politely.
Old people ______ ______ ______ ______ politely by us. She will take good care of the children．（变被动语态）
The children will ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ by her．
1． 规则动词的过去分词
1） 一般情况下栽动词原形后面加 –ed 2） 以不发音e结尾的加-d
3） 以辅音字母加y结尾的，把y改i加-ed
4） 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该辅音字母在家-ed
watch-watched practice-practiced study-studied stop-stopeed 2. 不规则动词的过去分词
am have do-done is been write-written are has go-gone
3）被动语态的疑问式：把第一个助动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成。例如： Where could they grow these vegetables？（改为被动语态） Where _____ vegetables ________ _________?
【翻译练习】
1. 孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾。（welcom）
2. 这次英语演讲比赛将会在下星期五举行。(hold)
3. 在过去五年里，他被认为是这个村里最有才华的年轻人。(consider…as…)
4. Jim正在院子里修理他的自行车。（repair）
5. 就网球来说他还从来没有被别人打败过。/ 他在网球上海从来没有遇到过对手。（beat）
6. 你不必把这封信打印出来。（print）
7. 据说在南京长江上又在建一座桥。
8. 据专家所说，所有的桥梁必须重建。（rebuild）
3) 在下列情况下，一般使用被动语态：
（1）表示\据说\或\相信\的词组，基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。例如： It is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道 It is believed that… 大家相信 It is hoped that… 大家希望 It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议 It is taken granted that… 被视为当然 It has been decided that… 大家决定 It must be remember that… 务必记住的是 4) 注意被动语态的几个特殊情况： （1） 带双宾语的两种被动语态形式： ① 把指人的间接宾用作被动句的主语，如： She gave me a book. I was given a book by her.
② 把指物的直接宾语用作被动句的主语，此时，间接宾语前需加介词to或for, 如： She gave me a book. A book was given to me by her. She bought me a present. A present was bought for me by her.
Her mother gave her a new pen．（变被动语态）
A new pen ______ ______ ______ her by her mother．
（3）复合宾语的主动句在转换成被动句时，那些感官动词和使役动词如make，see，feel, hear等后所省略的动词不定式to需被还原。例如： My teacher made me do my homework. I was made to do my homework by my teacher.
Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake yesterday．（变被动语态） He ______ ______ ______ swim in Qianling Lake yesterday． 5) 主动形式表示被动意义
1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如： The book sells well. 这本书销路好。 This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。 2）need/want/require/worth
当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时，表示的是被动意义。例如： Your hair needs cutting.= Your hair needs to be cut. The flowers require watering.
6) 被动形式表示主动意义，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared
（for）, be occupied （in）, get married等。例如：
He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。 注意：表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如： He married a rich girl.
He got married to a rich girl. 8) 不宜使用被动语态的几种情况： （1）
有些动词如happen和动词短语如take place是没有被动语态的。
9） 熟记教材中与被动语态相关的固定搭配和句型。 例如：be made of / from /in / by, be used for/ as 等。 —Your coat looks nice．Is it ______ cotton？ —Yes．It's ______ Shanghai． A．made of；made by B．made of；made in C．made for；made by D．made for；made in 10）被动语态的判断方法。
① 当句中出现by sb，with sth短语时常使用被动语态，如： The door was locked by me. The road was covered with snow.
②及物动词之后没有宾语常需用被动语态，如： I _____ (ask) to answer the question.
我们知道，ask是及物动词，其后必须接宾语。但在此题中，ask 之后并没有宾语。这当然不是题目出错了，而是ask的宾语I已经到句首当主语——动作的承受者做主语，自然应使用被动语态：I was asked to answer the question.
③当主语和谓语动词之间形成逻辑上的被动关系时应使用被动语态，如上文所提到的句子―黑板已经擦过了‖：
The blackboard _______(clean).
―黑板‖与―擦‖之间的逻辑关系是：―黑板‖被―擦‖，故应使用被动语态：The blackboard has been cleaned.
三.巩固练习
1. She said that the car___________ (use) the next week. 2. The desk must ____________ (clean) once a day. 3. Jiefang trucks____________ (make) in Changchun. 4. A pen is used for__________ (write). 5. All that must ____________ (do).
6. They find it useful__________ (learn) English.
7. The radio__________ (use) once in a week in our class. It____________ (not use) yesterday because there was something wrong with it.