2018 届高考必考语法精讲：动词的时态和语态
语法中的时态（tense）是一种动词形式，同一动词的不同变化形式表达不同的时态，英语中有 16 种时态。《2017 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对于时态列了十项：（1）一般现在时（2）一般过去时 （3）一般将来时（4）现在进行时（5）过去进行时（6）过去将来时（7）将来进行时（8）现在完成时（9）过去 完成时（10）现在完成进行时；此外还列了被动语态，并将其作为单独一项。
2015 年高考全国卷Ⅰ第 61 题（语法填空）考查了动词 arrive 的一般过去时 arrived；第 71 题（短文改错）考查 了 think 变为过去时 thought；第 75 题（短文改错）考查了被动语态，删掉 been；第 79 题（短文改错）考查了将动 词过去时的 found 变为现在时的 find。
2016 年高考全国卷Ⅰ第 62 题（语法填空）考查了 allow 的一般过去时的被动语态 was allowed；第 74 题（短文 改错）考查了将过去时 had 变为现在时的 have；77 题（短文改错）考查了将 using 变为被动 used。
2017 年高考全国卷Ⅰ第 64 题（语法填空）考查了 remove 的一般现在时的被动语态 are removed；第 74 题（短 文改错）考查了将动词 goes 变成一般过去时 went。
各种时态构成表：（以 do 为例）
一般时态
现 过 将
在 去 来
do/does did shall/will do would do
进行时态 is/am/are doing was /were doing shall/will be doing would be doing
完成时态 has/have done had done
shall/will have done would have done
完成进行时态 has/have been doing had been doing
shall/will have been doing would have been doing
过去将来
一、一般现在时：动词原形或第三人称单数
1．构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。 （1）直接加“s”：work→works，take→takes
（2）以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”：carry→carries
（3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”：go→goes，dress→dresses，watch→watches，finish→finishes 2．功能：
（1）表现在的事实、状态或动作。例如： ①I have a dream. ②She loves music.
③Mary's parents get up very early.
（2）表习惯性动作或职业，常与 often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，occasionally，frequently，seldom 等时间副词连用。例如：
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①I always take a walk after supper. ②She writes to me very often. ③She is an English teacher.
（3）表客观真理，格言警句或事实。例如： ①The earth moves around the sun.
②The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. ③Two and two makes four. ④ No man but errs.
（4）表示将来发生的动作：
A．在由 when，after, before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless，as long as，where，whatever，wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。例如： ① I'll tell her when she comes tomorrow. ② Even if it rains this afternoon, I'll meet you. ③Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed. ④ I'll be right here waiting for you wherever you go.
B．按时间表将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。例如： ①The play begins at 6:30 this evening. ②When does the plane take off? ③He leaves for that city next week.
④According to the timetable, the train starts at 9 o’clock. 二．一般过去时：动词的过去式
1．表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。例如： ①We visited the school last spring.
②I went to school by bike when I was in middle school. ③China was founded in 1949.
2．在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。例如： ①She told me she would’t go with us if it rained the next day. ②They would not leave until she came back.
③His girlfriend promised to marry him once he bought her a big house. 三．一般将来时：shall / will + 动词原形
1．表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。例如： ①He will graduate from the college next year.
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②We shall finish our work as quickly as possible. 2．将来时的其它结构。 例如：
I .is/am/are going to do sth.（美国口语中常读作 be gonna） ①I'm going to buy a new car this fall. ②He is going to sell his house.
注意：be going to 与 will 的对比：下列情况须用 will ①I will be sixteen years old next year. ②It will be the 20th of August tomorrow. ③When he comes, I will give him your message.
II. is/am/are + to do sth.表示计划安排做某事或征求意见。例如： ①Am I to take over his work? ②We are to meet at the gate.
III. is/am/are about to do sth. 即将做某事。例如： ①The talk is about to begin.
四．一般过去将来时：would + 动词原形
1.表示过去某时之后将出现的情况，通常用于宾语从句中。例如： ①He said that they would meet me at the station. ②She told me that she would come to see me.
2.表示过去习惯性动作（不管什么人称都用 would）。例如： ①Whenever he had time,Tom would go to see his grandma. ②The old couple would go for a walk after supper. 注意句型：
was/were about to do sth. when……正要做某事,这时……
=was/were on the point of doing sth. when……（when 引导的从句要用一般过去时）例如： ①He was about to go out when the telephone rang. ②I was about to go shopping when it rained.
③She was on the point of having supper when the light went off.
五．现在进行时：is / am / are +现在分词
1．表示现在正在进行的动作。例如： ①The water is boiling. Shall I make tea?
②The workers are building a new bridge across the river.
2．表现阶段正进行的动作。例如：
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