语法复习之六 主谓一致与倒装句

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语法复习之六 主谓一致、倒装句

主谓一致

A. 知识要点

主谓一致就是谓语动词必须在数和人称上与主语取得一致。主谓一致的关系根据“语法一致”、“意义一致”、和“就近一致”三项原则来实现。 1.语法一致

(1)由and连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时(指的是两个或两个以上不同的人或事物)

谓语动词用复数。

e.g. The woman and her husband work in the same office.那妇女和她丈夫在同一个单位 工作。

(2)做主语的名词后面有as well as, with, together with, except, but, like, no less than等引导

的短语时,谓语动词的数由做主语的名词决定。

e.g. An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work. 一位专家和几位助手被派去协助这项工作。

The children, like their parents, are very kind-hearted.这些孩子像他们的父母一样都那么

好心肠。

(3)主语为动词不定式(to do)、动名词(V-ing) 以及从句做主语时谓语动词用单数。

e.g. To see is to believe. (Seeing is believing.) 眼见为实。

What he told us was not the truth. 他所告诉我们的不是事实。

2. 意义一致

(1)有and连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时,但是表示同一人或事物,或代表一个概念,

动词用单数。

e.g. The professor and president of our school is retired.

(2)主语为all, half, most, some, any, none等不定代词时,通过上下文确定其实际意义,谓

语动词的单复数形式则根据主语的实际意义来决定。

e.g. His weekends? Half are spent in the country. 他的周末?一半是在乡下度过的。 His time? Half was spent on books. 他的时间?一半是花在了读书上。

(3)主语为形容词或分词加定冠词转化来的名词时, 如果指一类人,为复数意义,谓语动

词用复数;如果指单个人或抽象概念,为单数意义,谓语动词用单数。 e.g. The killed were buried on the hillside. 那些被害者被埋在了山坡上。 The killed was his neighbor. 那被害者是他的邻居。

3.就近一致

主语为either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also等连接的并列名词时,谓语动词的数取决于最靠近的名词的数。

e.g. Neither the children nor their father was in the car. 无论是孩子们,还是他们的父亲都不在车里。

e.g. Neither the father nor his children were in the car. 无论是父亲,还是他的孩子们都不在车里。

B.例题讲解

1)Both the kids and their parents ______ English, I think. I know it from their accent.(《大学英

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语》(B)Test 1, 38)

A. is B. been C. are D. was 解析:both…and…表示“两者都……”,连接的是两个不同的主语,因此谓语动词要用复数形式,所以正确答案为C选项。

2)Two thousand dollars ______ enough for the car. (《大学英语》(B)Test 2, 36)

A. being B. were C. are D. is 解析:此题是用钱来做主语,而货币单位做主语时看作单数,因为它在概念上属于一个整体,因此正确答案为D选项。此外,距离、重量、时间等单位充当主语时也看作单数。 3)The young _______ interested in pop music. (《大学英语》(B)Test 5, 41) A. is B. have C. has D. are 解析:此题的主语是the+形容词表示一类人,意思是“年轻人”,表示的是复数意义,因此谓语动词也要用复数形式,并且表示对……感兴趣是用的be interested in sth,正确答案为D选项。

倒装句

A. 知识要点

倒装是指将句子的谓语动词或其助动词放在主语之前。

e.g. Then began a war between two countries. 于是两国之间开始了战争。(全部倒装) Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here. 我们难得像在这里这么舒服。(部分倒装) 常用倒装的两种情况 1.出于句子结构的需要

(1)在as, though引导的让步状语从句中,从句往往放在主句的前面,而且从句须以形容

词、名词或动词(原形)等开头。

e.g. Hard as she studied, she failed to this examination.

(2)代词so, neither, nor等副词置于句首时, 表示“……也(不/没有)……”全句要倒装

e.g. Tom can speak English. So can Jack. 汤姆会讲英语,杰克也会 2.出于强调

never, seldom, little, nor, hardly…(when…), scarcely…(when…), no sooner…(than…), not only, not until等表示否定的副词或连词位于句首时;

e.g. Never in my life have I seen such a thing. 我一生中从未见过这样的事情。 e.g. Not only did he hear, but also he saw it too.他不但听见了,而且也看见了。

B.例题讲解 1)Never before ______ see such a terrible car accident on the road! (《大学英语》(B)Test 1, 39)

A. I have B. have I C. I did D. did I

解析:never表示否定意义的词放在句首,要倒装,因此排除A和C选项;考查B选项,助动词用的have,与后面的动词原形see不一致,因此正确答案为D选项。 2)I was satisfied with her explanation, ______. (《大学英语》(B)Test 3, 42)

A. so my classmates were B. so were my classmates C. so my classmates did C. so did my classmates 解析:用so, neither / nor引导句子表示与上文已经提到的肯定或否定意思一致时,so, neither / nor引导的句子要倒装,并且所用的谓语动词以及时态要与前面一句话的时态、谓语保持一致,因此正确答案为B选项。 3)Hardly _______ on stage _______ the audience started cheering. (《大学英语》(B)Test 4, 40)

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A. he had come / than B. he had come / when C. had he come / when D. had he come / than 解析:hardly…when是固定搭配,表示“一……就……”;并且hardly表示“几乎不”,表示否定意义,放在句首要倒装,因此正确答案为C选项。 4)Important _______ his discovery might be, it was regarded as a matter of no account in his time. (《大学英语》(B)Test 5, 42) A. when B. until C. as D. although

解析:该句的意思是“_______ 他的发明也许重要,在他那个时代,它被视为一件不重要的事情。”,可以句子的含义,可以看出前后两句话是转折的关系,因此选项部分应为让步状语从句,而在让步状语从句中,用作状语的形容词或名词位于句首时,要用as或though,因此正确答案为C选项。

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