§语法归纳 过去分词作表语和定语
1.过去分词作定语
过去分词作定语与所修饰词之间存在两种意义关系：一是及物动词表被动意义（或已完成的被动动作）；二是不及物动词表示完成意义。
an organized trip有组织的旅行(被动) The question discussed was very important. 被讨论的问题非常重要。(即表被动又表完成) boiled water开水(完成) fallen leaves落叶(完成)
(1) 单个的过去分词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，有时也放在被修饰的名词之后。
My friend is a returned student. 我的朋友是个归国的留学生。 The excited people rushed into the hall. 激动的人们冲进大厅。 There is no time left. 没有多少时间了。
(2) 过去分词短语作定语要放在被修饰的名词后面，作后置定语，作用相当于一个定语从句。
The student dressed in white is my daughter. ＝The student who is dressed in white is my daughter. 穿白色衣服的学生是我的女儿。 Is there anything planned for tonight?
＝Is there anything that has been planned for tonight? 今晚安排了什么活动没有？
The book, written in 1957, tells the struggle of the miners.
＝The book, which was written in 1957, tells the struggle of the miners. 这本书是1957年写的，讲的是关于矿工斗争的故事。
2.过去分词作表语
过去分词作表语，表示主语所处的状态（用作表语的过去分词大多已形容词化）。这种结构从形式上看与被动语态相同，但后者表示主语所承受的动作。
He is very tired after a long walk.
走了很长的路，他感到很累。(系表结构) This window is broken.这个窗户破了。(系表结构) This window was broken by the naughty boy there. 这个窗户是被那边那个顽皮的男孩打破的。(被动语态)
3.现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别
现在分词作定语表示主动意义，过去分词作定语一般表示被动含义。 现在分词作定语表示动作正在进行，过去分词作定语表示状态或动作已完成。 The child standing over there is my brother. 站在那儿的男孩是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom. 朝南的房间是我们的教室。 He is an advanced teacher. 他是位高级教师。
4.现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别
v. -ing形式表示“令人……的”，多用来修饰物；v.-ed形式表示“某人感到……的”，多用来修饰人。
The book is very interesting. 这本书很有趣。
He is very interested in the book. 他对这本书很感兴趣。 This is a moving story. 这是一个感人的故事。
We were deeply moved by the story. 我们被这个故事深深地打动了。 The news is very exciting. 这消息太激动人心了。 I was excited at the news. 听到这个消息我很激动。 注意：
(1) v.-ing形式也可以修饰人，v.-ed形式也可以修饰物，要根据句意选择适当的形式。
the worried expression忧虑的表情 the disappointing boy令人失望的孩子
(1) 英语中一些表示心理变化的动词，其中v.-ing和v.-ed形式通常起形容词作用，在句中作
定语或表语，常用的这类词有：
??exciting令人激动的? ?excited感到激动的?
??delighting令人高兴的? ?delighted感到高兴的?
??disappointing令人失望的? ?disappointed感到失望的?
??encouraging令人鼓舞的? ?encouraged感到鼓舞的?
??pleasing令人愉快的? ?pleased感到愉快的?
??puzzling令人费解的? ?puzzled感到费解的?
??satisfying令人满意的? ?satisfied感到满意的?
??surprising令人惊异的? ??surprised感到惊异的
[语法练习] 一、单项选择。
1. Alexander tried to get his work _______ in the medical circles. A. to recognize C. recognize
B. recognizing D. recognized
B. to be questioned
D. questioning
2. A great number of students _______ said they were forced to practice the piano. A. to question C. questioned
3. Mrs. White showed her students some old maps _______ from the library. A. to borrow C. borrowed
B. to be borrowed D. borrowing
4. So far nobody has claimed the money _______ in the library. A. discovered B. to be discovered C. discovering
D. having discovered B. stuck D. to have stuck B. to be advertised D. having advertised
5. In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained _______ abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud. A. sticking C. to be stuck A. advertised C. advertising settlements.
A. affect C. affected A. seated C. to seat A. grown
B. affecting D. were affected B. seating D. seat
B. being grown D. to grow
6. I’m calling to enquire about the position _______ in yesterday’s China Daily.
7. With the government’s aid, those _______ by the earthquake have moved to the new
8. Ladies and gentlemen, please remain _______ until the plane has come to a complete stop.
9. For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _______ on his own farm. C. to be grown