拼十年寒窗挑灯苦读不畏难；携双亲期盼背水勇战定夺魁。如果你希望成功，以恒心为良友，以经验为参谋，以小心为兄弟，以希望为哨兵。第三讲 概要写作
李仕才
典例展示
(2016·浙江高考样题)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Getting rid of dirt，in the opinion of most people，is a good thing.However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the King of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way.Henry Ⅳ，King of France，was famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the King ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was long－lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ.Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: Clothes need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far?
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many first－time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter(后者) position is gaining some ground. 【参考范文】
People have mixed opinions about dirt on our skin.(要点1) For a long time in history，
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people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要点2) However，people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要点3) Yet，some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要点4) 思路导航 一、审题
体裁 人称 时态 议论文 第三人称 一般现在时和一般过去时为主 1.第一段“However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.”是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点。 2.第二段主要谈论的是在16世纪，人们认为“dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease”。 要点 3.第三段用“Though”引出人们对dirt观点的转变“...since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.” 4.最后一段“On the contrary”引出专家的观点，免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。 二、要点分析
1．文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：“However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.”换句话说：“Different people have different attitudes towards dirt.”再结合下文谈到的主题可知“Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin.”范文中的要点1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.”概括非常精练。
2．第二段主要谈到了在16世纪，人们认为“dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease”尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句“Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was long－lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century.”可知，直到18世纪之前，人们都认为dirt是很
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“友好的”，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点2“For a long time in history，people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.”很好地总结了这些要点。
3．第三段用“Though”引出人们对dirt观点的转变“...since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.”再结合本段最后一部分“Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea...”可得出要点3“However，people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.”
4．文章最后一段第一句指出，现在人们对于dirt的态度还是有所不同，“On the contrary”引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。这一观点得到了一些支持。范文中的要点4“Yet，some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.”表达很恰切。 三、要点连接
在写完了要点之后，下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章整篇结构是总分结构，要点2和要点3在观点上截然相反，因此，两者之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用了“However”恰到好处。要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同，因此，范文用了连接词“Yet”。 技法提导 一、必备能力
概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此考生必须具备以下三种能力：
1．要具有准确理解文章的能力
要看清楚文章的结构，设法反映出原文中的所有要点和作者的观点。 2．要具有意义筛选的能力
学会区分事实和观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等复杂的逻辑关系。
3．要具有用英文解释英文的能力
用自己简单的语言解释比较复杂的语言文字，切记不可抄袭原文。
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