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Don't smoke! = No smoking! He smoked heavily.
smoking area / smoking room 吸烟室 smoking apartment 火车上的吸烟车厢 cigarette = cigar n. 香烟
★desolate adj. 荒凉的(与地方相连，表示无人居住, 荒无人烟的)；极度孤独的(与人相连时)
lonely adj. 孤独的，荒凉的，偏僻的(与地方连表示孤零零的，但并不表示无人居住) ★threaten v. 威胁的
threaten to do sth. 威胁着要做……(与人相连)；有迹象表明……
It threatened to rain. 有迹象表明天要下雨了。 threaten sb. with sth. 以……来威胁/恐吓某人 The thief threatened him with a knife. ★surrounding adj. 周围的
surroundings n. 环境(在周边的事物)
atmosphere n. 大气层, 氛围(在周边的人文环境) ★destruction n. 破坏, 毁灭
destroy v. 破坏destructive adj. 毁灭性的 construct v. 建设(为……创造更好的条件)
construction n.建设,建筑construction bank 建设银行constructive adj. 建设性的(意见) build v. 建设(具体的建某物) ★flood n. 洪水, 水灾
flood = floods 都对，都可以用，无区别 ★authorit n. 当局(常用复数authorities) authority n. 权威(单数)
★spray v. 喷撒spray sth. over/on 往……上喷洒 ★quantity n. (数)量quantities of 大量的…… quality n. 质量
★root n. 根What is the root cause?根本原因是什么？root of… ……的根
take root 生根come out 长出来 shoot come out 发芽(shoot n. 芽) flower come out 开花get out 出去
★patch n. 小片，颜色和周围不同的部分 patch n. (平面上的)一片, 补丁(本意)
What is that yellow patch on the wall? 墙上那块黄斑是什么？a patch of 一小片 ；patches of 许多片
a piece of / a bit of / a sheet of 一片，一块…… ★blacken v. 变黑，发暗
-en后缀表示动词，译为“使……变得……”
weak adj. 虚弱的 —> weaken v. 使……变弱，削弱 复合词(由两个词组合而成一个词)，如fireman
派生词(加前缀或后缀的词)如-tion —— 名词后缀； - less —— 形容词后缀 【课文讲解】
1、Firemen had been fighting the forest fire for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control. fight sth. 和……作搏斗
get it under control表示“使它得到控制”，get有“使……处于某种状态”的含义，“get+宾语+介词短语”作宾补: Get the room in order.
2、A short time before, great trees had covered the countryside for miles around.
a short time before和a short time ago都可以与段时间相连a short time before 不久以前，从过去某一点时间算起，一段时间以前a short time ago 过去某段时间，从现在算起，一段时间以前for miles around 方圆几英里(around表示“在周围，向四周”) 3、Now, smoke still rose up from the warm ground over the desolate hills. rise up (from) 升上来
4、Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well.
winter was coming on 冬季即将来临 (季节的来临的通用表达式)，come on的过去进行时形式表示的是过去将来时，它在这里表季节的“到来，来临”： wash away 冲掉，冲走，洗掉
5、When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed which would grow quickly. put out 扑灭 order 定购
type 强调与其他同类的东西有明显不同的特征的种类，与kind有区别
6、The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes.
quantity单数时仅表示“数量”，既可以用于表示多也可以用于表示少： They drank a large /great /small quantity of beer last night. quantity复数表“大量”：He bought books in (large) quantities.
7、By then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root.
take root表示“生根”，也可表某处思想/想法等“扎根”：The idea has taken root in his mind.
8、In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.
in place of 替代，取代 (只能指代位置、空间，原来放的东西现在不在了)
Jane answered the phone in place of Mary. instead of 替代+没做的事
Instead of staying home, I went to school. (此句就不能用“in place of”，而指地点空间时，既可以用“in place of”也可以用“instead of”。)
【Summary writing】
2 Now that all the great trees had been burnt, there was danger that heavy rain would cause serious floods which destroy the surrounding villages.
now that 既然 ； which 定语从句
3 To prevent this the forest authorities ordered grass-seed which was sprayed over the ground by planes for nearly a month.
to prevent… 为了预防……
4 By the time it began to rain, the grass had taken root in the soil. by the time(that) 到……时候为止 (that可以省略)，应理解为“before” 【Key structures】
过去完成时和过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时的构成：had been +现在分词
过去完成进行时用于强调某动作在过去更早的某一段时间内一直在进行，并对过去某一时刻产生结果，过去完成进行时也可用来表示过去经常重复的动作，还可以表示根据直接或间接的证据而得出结论。与它经常连用的表示时间的词有before，for，since，all day等。
在包含间接引语的句子中，如果引述词是过去时态，则现在
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完成进行时要改为过去完成进行时。
过去完成时与过去完成进行时有时可以互换。但需要表示某个工作已经完成时，只能用过去完成时。
When I arrived, they’d alredy put the fire out. 【Special Difficulties】 Control and Check
control ① vt. 控制，指挥，支配，管理 ② n. 控制(能力)，支配(能力) check vt. 检查，核对，查看 Great and Big
great adj. 大的(强调重要性)，伟大的，重大的，重要的Frank has just made a great decision.
big adj. 大的(强调面积、体积、规模上的大) Soil and Ground
soil n. 泥土(能让植物生长的)，土，土地，土壤 Trees and grass grow quickly in rich soil.
ground n. 地表，地面(与土壤无关)，场地，土地 【Multiple choice questions】
6 The planes ____c___nearly a month to plant the seed. a. did b. made c.took d. had
花费时间：人作主语用spend；用时间表达用take 9 Large ____d____of seed were used. a. weights b. measures c. tons d. amounts
weight n. 重量 ；measures v. 测量 ；tons n. 吨large amounts 大量的，修饰不可数名词
11 Patches of green had begun to appear. There was green grass ____d____.
a. every where b. only in one or two places c. in one place d. here and there
patches许多快everywhere每一寸土地上here and there 这一块, 那一块, 很多快, 不一定是每一寸
Lesson 63 She was not amused 【New words and expressions】(6) ★admire ① vt. 钦佩，赞赏
admire sb. for sth. 因为……羡慕某人 ② vt. 欣赏，观赏
③ vt. (口语)夸奖，称赞
★close adj. 亲密的close friend 亲密的朋友 ★reception (＝ party) n. 招待会 wedding reception 婚宴
news conference 新闻发布会, 记者招待会 ★sort n. 种类，类型(常与of连用) type 种类(有特殊特征的) sort和kind有时可互换，但在下面两种情况下用sort：① that sort of person 那种人② sort可有讽刺意味That's the sort of thing you like best. 【课文讲解】 1、Jeremy Hampden has a large circle of friends and is very popular at parties.
have a large circle of friends 有一个很大的朋友圈子, 交际很广＝sb. has/have a lot of friends
circle的含义之一是“(具有共同利益或兴趣等的人形成的)圈子，……界”
Such things are never talked about in business circles.
2、Everybody admires him for his great sense of humour -- everybody, that is, except his six-year-old daughter, Jenny. that is为插入语，一旦插在句子当中, 是作为固定结构, 意思是“那就是说，亦即”，起解释作用 sense of humour 幽默感
3、This is the sort of thing that Jeremy loves. the sort of, the kind of的后面加单数
4、He prepared the speech carefully and went to the wedding with Jenny.
prepare sth. 准备做……，后面跟内容有关系 prepare for sth. 为…作准备后面不一定跟内容有关
5、He had included a large number of funny stories in the speech and, of course, it was a great success. included 包含(把里面内容的一部分挑出来说)
contain强调容器里的包含, 后面一定要把所有的东西都列举出来
It was a great success. 表示“这事做的不错,不同凡响,很成功”
6、Jeremy was a little disappointed by this but he did as his daughter asked. a little 稍微, 有一点
be disappointed by… 因为……感到失望
as +从句 如同……那样，以……的方式(方式状语从句)do as you are told 按你被告知的做
7、Jeremy asked her why this was so and she told him that she did not like to see so many people laughing at him! why this was so(this 可以作主语, 也可以作宾语，so 只能作宾语, 只能放在动词后面)
I think so. / I hope so. / I guess so. / I expect so. I refuse to do so. 我拒绝这样做
see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在作某事 so many people 跟数字相连的前面一定要用so ★laugh ① vi. (大)笑
Everybody laughed out loud when he said that. ② vi. 嘲笑(介词用at)
如果laugh at后跟的是物，表示“因……而发笑”： 【Summary writing】
1.When Jeremy Hampden, who is greatly admired for his great sense of humour , was invited to make a speech at a wedding reception, he immediately agreed to do so.在不使句子产生歧义的前提下,定语从句可放在其所修饰的整个句子的后面, 如以下两句:
The brother, who was standing near the house, wanted to go swimming./The brother wanted to go swimming who was standing near the house . 但下面的就容易产生歧义:
The brother, who was standing near the house , wanted to talk with the girl.
The brother wanted to talk with the girl who was standing near the house. (有歧义) 【Letter Writing】 书信常见开头：
You must be very annoyed with me for… I have just heard that…
【Multiple choice questions】
4 __a__ Jenny, everyone admires him for his great sense of humour.
a. Except for b. Apart c. Except d. Unless unless adv. 除非except for ＝ apart from
7 Jeremy was a little disappointed. He was __d__disappointed.
a. little b. somehow c. enough d. somewhat
a little少量, 少许, 有一点点；little几乎没有。与形容词或副词连用时, 用a little；与名词连用时, 用a little, little都可。
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何时用a little, 何时用little, 是由说话人的态度区分William Low. somehow adv. 不知怎么的 put forward (plan/suggestion) 提出(计划、建议等) somewhat adv. 有一些，有一点(＝a little) 4、He suggested that a double railway-tunnel should be 【语法精粹】 built.
1 Simple photographic lenses can’t __D__sharp, suggest① vt. 暗示，用法与其他的词相同 undistorted images over a wide field. ② vt. 建议，用虚拟语气，后接动词是要用-ing形式，后接A. to form B. are formed C. forming D. form that从句采用一种固定的用法“should+动词原形”(should 可情态动词后接动词原形构成谓语 省略)
2 Of all the factors affecting agricultural yields, weather is insist作“坚持”讲时用法同suggest the one ___B__the most. 5、This would solve the problem of ventilation, for if a train A. it influences farmers B. that influences farmers entered this tunnel, it would draw in fresh air behind it. C.farmers that it influences D. why farmers influence it 如draw in 吸进，如用bring没有 draw in 形象、贴切
一句出现了谓语动词,再出现动词则可能是：① 并列关系 ② 6、If, at the time, the British had not feared invasion, it 从句 ③ 非谓语动词 ④ 介词短语 would have been completed. why引导的从句一定是表语从句或宾语从句 虚拟语气(非真实条件句)中，与现在事实相反，从句用一般 过去时；与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时，此时主句格Lesson 64 The Channel Tunnel 式为would have done，would/could/should 都可以 【New words and expressions】(13) 情态动词加have done 表示对过去的推测，如must have ★tunnel n. 隧道 done，can't have done等 channel n. 海峡 (The Channel 英吉利海峡) 【Summary writing】 ★ventilate v. 通风★ventilation n. 通风 1 Who planned to build a tunnel under the English Forced Ventilation 强制排风系统 Channel in 1858? How would it be ventilated? (The tunnel, (forced adj. 被迫的，强迫的，动用武力的) which…) air v. 通风Air the room, please! 给房间通通风 4 Did work begin forty－two years later or not? Why was it ★double adj. 双的 stopped? (Though…because)
字母W 的读音就是“double u”，意为两个u 构成 5 When was the Channel Tunnel officially opened? w .couple，pair 两个a couple of weeks (However) a pair of shoes/socks/glasses 一副眼镜 1 先行词, which : 非限定性定语从句
★fear ① vt. 害怕畏惧sb. fear doing sth. 害怕做……sb. The tunnel, which a French engineer planned to build in fear sth. 害怕…be afraid of 害怕…… 1858, would be ventilated if tall chimmeys were built above be afraid of / fear 人做主语 sea level. ② vt. 恐怕，猜想(比be afraid要正式) 4 Though it was begun (work begin forty-two years later), fear that… 恐怕…… it was stopped because…
We fear /It is feared/ We’re afraid that many lives have 5 However 起副词的作用,后面可以直接加句子 been lost in the crash. 【Key structures】 be afraid that… = I am sorry. 恐怕……(婉言谢绝) 第3类条件句 fright / frighten / frightening / frightened / frightful 第3类条件句是在if从句里设想纯粹想像的事情，在主句里sth. frighten sb. = sth. scare sb. …吓了……一跳 讲述想像的结果，谈的是没有或永远不可能有的结果，指的frighten = scare是因某件突然的事情才让某人产生了害怕的是过去没有过的事情。第3类条件句的基本结构是if从句用情绪，句子后边的部分是人 过去完成时，主句用would have/ should have +过去分词： horrify v. 使恐怖, 使极度厌恶, 惊骇 If it had rained, we would have stayed at home. horrified adj. 惊悸的, 带有恐怖感的, 惊骇的 在if从句中可用could have +过去分词代替had been able to ★invasion n.入侵, 侵略invade vt. 侵略, 侵袭, 拥挤★+动词原形： I’d have read that book if I could have bought officially adv. 正式地 it. official adj.(官方)正式formally adv(一般)正式 【Special difficulties】 ★connect v. 连接connect sth. with/to… 把……和……动词draw的一些短语vt. 拉，拖 连接 connect A with B (A和B平等) connect A to B draw in 使……进入；吸入 (A连到B上去) The smell of flowers in the shop drew us in. draw ★European adj. 欧洲的★continent n. 大陆 back 后退，后缩；收回，撤回 European Continent 欧洲大陆(不包括欧洲岛国) You must finish the work by yourselves now. They have 【课文讲解】 drawn back their people.。
1、In 1858, a French engineer, Aime Thome de Gamond, draw up 停住，使……停住；起草，制订，拟订
arrived in England with a plan for a twenty-one-mile tunnel I was waiting for Jill in front of a shop when a taxi drew up under the English Channel. beside me. plan for +名词/动名词 ……的计划 draw off 撤走，离开 twenty-one-mile 加连字符，用单数，作定语 The villagers had to draw off because of the flood. 2、This platform would serve as a port and a railway station. 【Multiple choice questions】
serve as… =serve for… 起……作用，用作……，充当…… 9 A plan was put forward by William Low. He ___a____it. 3、In 1860, a better plan was put forward by an Englishman, a. suggested b. intended c. aimed at d. planned plan
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v. 计划
put forword 提出 ；intend to do sth. 打算做…… aim at 目标是…… ；suggest v. 建议
suggest + doing sth./名词或代词；suggest that 从句； 11 It finally connects Britain and Europe. Britain and Europe are finally ____b___.
a. mixed b. joined together c. rejoined d. combined
mix v. 混合；join v. 连接(加入), 强调使成为其中一员rejoin v. 再次加入；combine v. 合并 connect 强调连接
Lesson 65 Jumbo versus the police 【New words and expressions】(9) ★versus prep. 对 (对抗的概念)
vs.…对…(versus的缩写读音不变Have you watched the game last night? It was France versus Italy. ★Christmas n. 圣诞节
Christmas Eve 圣诞前夜Father Christmas 圣诞老人
Santa Claus 圣诞老人(美国常用)(Santa [美]=Santa Claus)
★present n. 礼物present = gift 礼物 ★accompany v. 陪伴, 随行 I'll accompany you to your hotel.
★approach ① v. 走近( = come nearer and nearer )The old man approaches 80 years old. approach sb. 离某人越来越近
②n.途径,方法We have found an approach to success. ★ought modal verb 应该 ought to do sth. 应该(义务上) should do sth. 应该(我认为) ★weigh v. 重
sb./sth. weigh +体重 ……的体重/重量是…… weight n. 重量lose weight 减肥 ★fortunate(= lucky) adj. 幸运的 【课文讲解】
1、Dressed up as Father Christmas and accompanied by a 'guard of honour' of six pretty girls, he set off down the main street of the city riding a baby elephant called Jumbo. dress up as… 装扮成为……(的样子)
dress up 打扮 a guard of honour 仪仗队 of six pretty girls中的of表示“由……组成的” set off 出发
2、He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing.
should have done 原本应该发生而没发生 needn't have done 过去不必做但是做了 ought to have done 也表示原本应该做而没做 所有的情态动词+have done都跟过去有关 3、A policeman approached Jimmy and told him he ought to have gone along a side street as Jumbo was holding up the traffic. as＝because
hold up the traffic 阻碍交通
4、Though Jimmy agreed to go at once, Jumbo refused to move.
agree to do sth. 同意做某事(to 为不定式 ) agree with sb. 同意某人(的建议等) agree to sth.I agree to your advice.
5、Fifteen policemen had to push very hard to get him off the main street. get off 从……移去/除去 (off＝away from 离开什么地方) Please get the box off the boat.
6、'Jumbo must weigh a few tons,' said a policeman afterwards, 'so it was fortunate that we didn't have to carry him. Of course, we should arrest him, but as he has a good record, we shall let him off this time.' afterwards ＝later后来
It was fortunate that… 幸运的是……
let sb. off 饶恕某人，放过……，对……从轻处理 record n. 纪录；(警察局的)记录，历史，成绩 set up a new world record
sb. have a good record 表现一贯很好 resume n. 摘要, 概略, <美> 履历
vt. 再继续, 重新开始, 重新占用, 再用, 恢复 【Summary writing】
1 What did he decide to take to a children's hospital? How did the circus owner, Jimmy Gates, dress up? Did he set off down the main street of the city, or did he go down a side street? Was he riding an elephant called Jumbo or not? (After having... and... riding)
2 Was he told that he was holding up the traffic or not? Did Jimmy agree to go at once, or not? Did Jumbo agree to go, or did he refuse to move? How many policemen had to push him off the main street? (On being…but…so…)
1 After having decided to take presents to hospital and dressed up as Father Christmas, he set off down the street riding a baby elephant called Jumbo.
After的后面可以直接加doing,也可以加having done
After knocking at the door. / After having knocked at the door.decided 和 dressed 共用after having 动词ing 强调时间上的同时
2 On being told that he was holding up the traffic, he agreed to go at once, but Jumbo refused to move,so fifteen policemen had to push him off the main street. on 加在动词前面,相当与as soon as be 在这儿要跟done相连 【Letter Writing】 书信常见语：
I really hate to complain, but …/Some time ago, I … 【Key structures】
Must, Have to, Should and Ought to
must通常只用于现在时和将来时，其他时态则用have to代替。have to比must往往更强调客观的要求或外在的原因。should和ought to都可译为“应该”，表示义务、责任或某个正确的行为。ought to比should语气略强些，多用于肯定句；疑问句与否定结构则多用should。should/ought to +have +过去分词表示过去应该做(或完成)而没有做的事。 He ought to have returned by now.
He had to change his plans, but he should be returning soon.
【Special difficulties】 带let的短语
let vt. 允许，让
let sb. in 允许进来let sb. out 放走，释放，放出去 let off 放过，饶过，宽恕，对……从轻处理 let down 使……失望，(在紧要关头)抛弃 dress and dress up
dress vt.&vt. 穿衣，打扮
dress up 穿上盛装，精心打扮，装扮(成……)
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He dressed up as Father Christmas. 【Multiple choice questions】
3 Jimmy ____b___Father Christmas. a. seemed as b. looked like c. looked as d. seemed as后面要加句子, 只有在the same as结构时不加句子, 或者是as...as
Lucy is the same as her sister.
like的后面加代词或名词，表示“象……一样”
① seem后面可以直接加形容词He seemed rich. ② seem后面会加不定式结构He seemed to be rich. ③ It seemed that… 表示某件事情看起来似乎如此 ④ seem +as if从句 看起来似乎
Lesson 66 Sweet as honey!
【New words and expressions】(20)
★bomber n. 轰炸机, 炸弹手, 轰炸员, 投弹手 bomb n. 炸弹
★remote adj. 偏僻的，偏远的 remote village 遥远的村庄
lonely adj. 偏僻的(孤零零的)lonely island 孤岛 ★Pacific n. 太平洋
Atlantic大西洋 ； Indian ocean印度洋 ； Arctic ocean 北冰洋
★wreck n. 残骸 强调坏了没用的东西 (一个坏了的整体，完整的)；wrekage强调坏成碎片的东西 ★rediscover v. 重新发现 re-表示“再, 又”的意思，如review复习，reread再读，rewrite改写，retell复述等
★survey n. 调查(一定要跟数据有关系) aerial survey 航空调查(跟数据有关系) investigation n. 调查，研究 ★package ① v. 把……打成大包 pack n. 小包；v. 把……打成小包 Pack it for me./Wrap it up for me. ② n. 大包
package deal 一揽子交易,一揽子交易中的条款 parcel n. 包裹(邮局邮寄) ★imagine ① vt. 想像
Imagine it. 想象一下吧! (口语) ② vt. 料想，猜想
imagine doing sth./imagine that + 从句 想象……
★colony n. 殖民地，侨民，(聚居的)一群同业，一批同行，(生物)群体
a colony of ants /bees 一群蚂蚁 一群蜜蜂； a colony of artists 一群艺术家a flock of goats 羊群 a herd of cows 一群奶牛a crowd of 一群(用于人)
★preserve v. 保护，保存(经过特殊手段而保存下来) preserved bean curd 豆腐乳(bean curd 豆腐)preserved fruit 果脯； preserved meat 腊肉； preserved fish 腊鱼smoked fish 熏鱼 keep v. 保存，保持Can I keep it for you?
Store v. 储存，保存(以便日后使用)store the cabbage 【课文讲解】
1、In 1963 a Lancaster bomber crashed on Wallis Island, a remote place in the South Pacific, a long way west of Samoa.
crash vi. 从上往下掉 crash in the mountain 掉到山里 a long way to go 有很长的路要走 在英文中跟方位感相连的介词有三个in, on, to in 隶属关系Haerbin’s in the north of China.
on是指跟一个地方有接触面Korea is on the north of China. to是相离的概念Japan is to the east of China.
west of＝to the west of (west of前面没有任何词修饰的时候，认为处于相离的概念) 2、The plane wasn't too badly damaged, but over the years, the crash was forgotten and the wreck remained undisturbed.
over 在……期间/之中(相当于during，over后如有数字则译为“超过”)over the years 这些年来
over the new year 在新年期间 ；over the Christmas 在圣诞期间over Spring Festival 在春节期间 He worked very hard over the last two years. remain+adj. remain看作系动词be理解
The room remained warm. 房间还是那么暖和
(注意与 “the room was warm.” 的区别, “remain” 有保持的意思) 3、By this time, a Lancaster bomber in reasonable condition was rare and worth rescuing.
by this time 到这时in condition 处于……状态 in reasonable condition＝in good condition
in perfect /poor condition 处于完美状态/ 状态不好.
reasonable在这里表示“尚好的，过得去的”，用于表示价钱时，指“公道的，合理的，不贵的”等
be worth doing sth. 值得……，具有……的价值(表达了被动含义, 用主动ing表达被动含义)
4、The French authorities had the plane packaged and moved in parts back to France. have sth. done 让别人做某事
in parts =little by little，bit by bit 一部分一部分
5、Imagine their surprise and delight when they broke open the packing cases and found that the fourth engine was sweet as honey -- still in perfect condition.
break sth. open 打开……cut it open 剪开(信封) tear it open 撕开(信封)
在固定短语中as…as中的第一个as可省略
I am busy as a bee. (as busy as a bee中第一个as省略)sweet as honey 甜得象蜜 (在文中是双关语, 注意体会)sticky as glue 胶水一样粘strong as horse 马一样强壮turn…into… 把……变成 【Key structures】
使役式：have +名词/宾语代词 +动词过去分词，使役式表示对某物(或某人)……。
I have my wallet lost/stolen. 我丢了钱包
While I’m away, I’ll have you looked after. 我不在的时候，我会让人照顾你的。
have sth. done的另一个意思是“遭遇不幸” I have my leg broken. 我摔断了腿 【Special difficulties】 集合名词
集合名词表示的是由若干个体组成的集合体，如family(家庭，一家人)，team(队)，crew(船、飞机等上的全体工作人员)，audience(观众)，government(政府)，staff全体职员/教员)，class(班，班级)等。如果要强调作为整体的集体，则后面的动词用单数；如果要强调组成集体的每个人，则后面的动词用复数。
The audience is made up of school children.
The audience were spellbound by the magic of the performance. 观众们被表演的魅力迷住了.
可修改编辑