英汉翻译课程讲义

meaner sort of books; else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh(makes) a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. And, therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning to seem to know that he doth(does) not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores (Studies are transformed into manners). Nay there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man‘s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in

demonstrations, if his wit be called a way never so little, he must begin again; if his wit be not apt to distinguish or find difference, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores (hair-splitters). If he be not apt to beat over matters and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers‘ cases: so every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.

谈读书

读书足以怡情,足以博彩,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其博彩也, 最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节,然纵观统筹,全局策划,则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰,文采藻饰太盛则矫,全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然不足,经验又补读书之不足,盖天生才干犹如自然花草,读书然后知如何修剪移接;而书中所学,如不以经验范之,则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书,无知者羡读书,唯明智之士用读书,然书并不以用处告人,用书之智不在书中,而在书外,全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者,不可尽信书上所言,亦不可只为寻章摘句,而应推敲细思。书有浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化,换言之有只须读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读,取其所作摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者,否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏,淡而无味矣。

读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强,不常读论者须天生聪颖,不常读书者须欺世有术,始能无知而显有知。读书使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理使人庄得,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩:凡有所学,皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍,无不可读适当之书使之顺畅,一如身体百病,皆可借适宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾,射击箭利胸肺,慢步宜肠胃,骑术利头脑,诸如此类。如智能力不集中,可令读数学,盖演题须全神贯注,稍有分散即须重演;如不能辩异,可令读经院哲学,盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人;如不善求同,不善以一物阐证另一物,可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷,皆有特药可医。 (王佐良 译) (注:以下解析选自陈新主编《英汉文体翻译教程》,北京大学出版社出版。) 译出这样一篇语言精练、含义深刻的正式散文,实在不是一种易事。王佐良先生的这篇译文从精神到形式都精确而优美地传达了原文的思想和风格,做到了既形似又神似。17世纪培根的散文,恰似汉语中的古文一样。第一,用词简练、准确,常常难以增减,也无法替换,词小而意深。以第一句为例,delight,ornament和ability分别代表了读书的三种功能,意义明确,一字

千钧。王先生的译文也用了三个词,“怡情”,“博彩”和“长才”,恰好一一对应起来,几乎完美无缺,很难找到其他词来替代。若换之以较长的词语,如“娱乐身心”,“美化谈吐”和“增长才干”,其意思虽然相似,但由词增长至短语,其分量就大不一样了。又如原文的“Crafty men contemn

studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them。”一句中contemn,admire 和use 三个词分别译为“鄙”、“羡”、“用”,给人以精至不可再精的印象。

第二,句子结构紧凑,绝无赘语,可以说到了一字不可减的程度。如原文的“Reading makes

a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.” 每个从句仅四到五个词,动

词“makes”在后面两个从句中都省略掉了。译文也同样用简练的短句译成:“读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。”每句六字,短小有力,结构谨严,意义明确。

第三,在修辞上最突出的特点为平行结构。可以说通篇文章都由许多排句构成,给人以平衡美。再以第一句为例,作者连用了三个for短语。第二句又接着重复地用了上句的三个for短语,后面接着三个in短语。这样的排例不仅形成了均衡的结构,更深化了意义。在翻译这两句时,也必须采用同样的平行结构,才能传达出原文的形式美。第一句译文连用了三个“足以”,第二句在三个“其”这一词后又连用了三个“最见于”短语,十分传神地表达原文的文风。

第四,在声律上节奏感强烈。由于句短词精、结构均匀、轻重音节相间,故读上去铿锵悦耳,掷地有声。仍以第一句为例,“for delight, for ornament, and for ability”后两个为三音节词,

delight 虽为二音节,由于“i”为长音,故读上去几乎音长一样,这就达到了几乎同样的节奏。第

二句话在in 短语的设计上,作者用两个长的短语夹住一个短语,即―in privateness and retiring‖,

―in discourse‖和―in the judgement and disposition of business‖, 最后的短语最长,以便给全

句一个稳重的结尾。最值得一提的是王佐良先生的第二句译文,三个从句的字数完全一样,而在结尾时分别用了“之时”,“之中”,“之际”三词,不仅使音节数量相同,而声韵上又有变化,达到了既均衡又丰富的音律美。

非正式散文的语言风格不同于正式散文,下面借加拿大政治经济学家、后以幽默作家著称的

Stephen Leacock(斯蒂芬·利科克)(1869—1944)的一篇题为THE NEW FOOD的小品来分析

和体会这两种散文不同的语言风格。Stephen Leacock的作品多属离奇古怪和讽刺挖苦的故事和小品文等。本篇选自他的幽默小品集《文学的失误》(Literary Lapses, 1910)

THE NEW FOOD

By Stephen Leacock

I see from the current columns of the daily press that ―Professor Plumb, of the

University of Chicago, has just invented a highly concentrated form of food. All the essential nutritive elements are put together in the form of pellets, each of which contains from one to two hundred times as much nourishment as an ounce of an ordinary article of diet. These pellets, diluted with water, will form all that is necessary to support life. The Professor looks forward confidently to revolutionizing the present food system.‖ Now this kind of thing may be all very well in its way, but it is going to have its drawbacks as well. In the bright future anticipated by Professor Plumb, we can easily imagine such incidents as the following.

The smiling family were gathered round the hospitable board. The table was plenteously laid with a soup-plate in front of each beaming child, a bucket of hot water before the radiant mother, and at the head of the board the Christmas dinner of the happy

home, warmly covered by a thimble and resting on a poker chip. The expectant whispers of the little ones were hushed as the father, rising from his chair, lifted the thimble and disclosed a small pill of concentrated nourishment on the chip before him. Christmas turkey, cranberry sauce, plum pudding, mince pie-it was all there, all jammed into that little pill and only waiting to expand. Then the father with deep reverence, and a devout eye alternating between the pill and heaven, lifted his voice in a benediction. At this moment there was an agonized cry from the mother.

―Oh, Henry, quick! Baby has snatched the pill!‖ It was too true. Dear little Gustavus Adolphus, the golden-haired baby boy, had grabbed the whole Christmas dinner off the poker chip and bolted it. Three hundred and fifty pounds of concentrated nourishment passed down the oesophagus of the unthinking child.

―Clap him on the back!‖ cried the distracted mother. ―Give him water!‖

The idea was fatal. The water striking the pill caused it to expand. There was a dull rumbling sound and then, with an awful bang, Gustavus Adolphus exploded into fragments!

And when they gathered the little corpse together, the baby lips were parted in a lingering smile that could only be worn by a child who had eaten thirteen Christmas dinners.

新式食品 [加]斯蒂芬·利科克

张培基 译

最近从报纸专栏看到,“芝加哥大学的普伦教授刚发明一种高浓缩食品。此食品形同药丸,而所含人体必需营养成分应有尽有。每粒药丸所含养分相当于一盎司普通食物的一百到二百倍。药丸经水稀释后即成为维持生命所需的全部养料。该教授满怀信心地盼望有朝一日对现行饮食方式进行一次革命。”

这类食物本身也许满不错的,但也会出现某些毛病。从普伦教授所憧憬的光明前景,我们不难想象可能出现以下的情况:

有一家人正兴高采烈地围坐在丰盛的餐桌旁。餐桌上琳琅满目,孩子们喜气洋洋,各人面前摆着一个汤盘;母亲容光焕发,面前摆着一桶热水;餐桌的上首摆着这幸福人家的圣诞晚餐,上面暖暖和和地扣着一枚顶针,下面热着一个扑克牌筹码。小家伙们满怀期待,交头接耳。父亲站起来揭下顶针,露出搁在筹码上的小小浓缩营养丸子,孩子们顿时悄然无声。圣诞的火鸡、越桔甜酱、葡萄干布丁、甜馅饼——一古脑儿都挤在小小丸里,只等扩大膨胀。接着父亲毕恭毕敬地高声谢主赐恩,虔诚的眼睛一会儿盯着小丸子,一会儿仰视上天。 就在此刻,母亲一声惨叫:

“啊,亨利,赶快!小不点儿抓走丸子啦!”果不其然。小宝贝格斯塔弗斯·阿道弗斯,那一头金发的小家伙,已从扑克牌筹码上一把抓走整顿圣诞晚餐,囫囵吞了下去。三百五十磅浓缩养料就顺着无知孩子的食道一泻而下。

“拍拍他的背!”母亲惊慌失措地喊叫。“给他水喝!”

这主意可是要了命。小丸子一碰水就膨胀。先是咕噜咕噜一阵闷响,接着砰地一声巨响。格斯塔弗斯·阿道弗斯一下子炸得粉身碎骨!

父母把小小的残骸归拢起来。孩子那张开的嘴角仍然挂着微笑——这种微笑只能在一下吃下十三份圣诞晚餐的孩子的脸上看到。 解析:(注:以下解析为编者所加) 第一段:

Professor Plumb: 原译为普伦教授,按音译应为普拉姆教授。作者用此姓氏别有用意。因为Plumb这个单词有“ try to understand sth. thoroughly.”“普拉姆教授”这一音译无法传递原作者使用这一姓氏的特殊用意——此人擅长发明、研究,喜欢探索一些新的思路,如发明一种新式食品。这也是属于翻译中不可译性的一种现象。若硬要把此意译出只能借助注释或加注的办法,似乎又损坏了原文的流畅性。

段首这一长句断开译,译者处理得很好。 “此食品形同药丸,而所含人体必需营养成分应有尽有。”划线部分是佳译,首先把这种食品的最大特点、也是最新奇之处告诉读者。“形同”二字用得十分精确、达意,而且与上句衔接也十分流畅。后半句似乎不十分通顺,似可改译为“但人体必需之营养成分应有尽有。”或“而人体必需之营养成分却尽在其中。”

“药丸注水稀释后即成为维持生命所需的全部养料。”划线部分为译者添加的部分,补足了语义。 “该教授满怀信心地盼望有朝一日……”此译似乎与上文缺乏连系。可改译为:该教授满怀信心地盼望借此发明对现行饮食方式进行一次革命。” 或:该教授盼望/期待着他的这一发明将带来现行饮食方式的一场革命,对此他信心十足。 第二段:

“这类食物本身也许满不借的,但也会出现某些毛病。” 这句似乎可以增加解释性的词语

“但在使用/食用过程中也会出现一些问题”,这样更能具体说明它的缺陷何在。

第二段:是全文译得最精采的部分,也最能体现译者娴熟的翻译技巧。整段译文首先渲染了原文夸张、幽默的风格,把原文的韵味传达得淋漓尽致。请看一系列形容词的使用: “兴高采烈、丰盛、琳琅满目、喜气洋洋、容光焕发、暖暖和和、满怀期待、悄然无声,毕恭毕敬。”这些形容词烘托出节日的快乐气氛,与下文发生的惨剧形成了强烈的对比,从而突出了本文的幽默风格。另外,象“……一古脑儿都挤在这小小丸子里”的“挤”都译得十分贴切。“接着父亲毕恭毕敬地高声谢主赐恩。”对这一长句的处理,译者准确地抓住了句子的主干,把修饰成分分别灵活处理,既语义清楚,语气也很通顺,符合中文习惯。 第六段

译者将“cried the distracted mother”译为“母亲惊慌失措地喊叫”,把原文的形容词

distracted译为副词,既语意通顺,又符合当时的场景,并为下文作了辅垫。

第七段

“这主意可是要了命。”

此句确属上乘译文。既符合上下文语气而且十分贴切地传达了两层意思: ①这个主意实在糟透了。

②这个主意确实夺走了一个小孩的生命。

如若翻译成“这个主意是致命的”,意思不明确,而且损失了原作的另一层意思。 “小丸子一碰水就膨胀”。

用“小丸子“作主语,突出了重要信息:小丸子遇水所发生的变化。若用“水”作主语,将淡化主要信息。另外,原文已在上文作了辅垫“only waiting to expand”,译文在此重复了“膨胀”,照应了上文。整段译文用词简洁,突出了当时的紧张气氛以及突如其来的变化/故之快。

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