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秘密和弦
作者:王伟滨
来源:《英语学习》2018年第08期
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提到大卫,大多数人想到的,该是米开朗基罗塑造的那个踌躇满志、准备出征的美少年吧。少年大卫对抗巨人哥利亚(Goliath)确是广为传颂的故事,但是,作为活生生的“人”的大卫,又有多少人了解呢?
美国作家杰拉尔丁·布鲁克斯(Geraldine Brooks)在《秘密和弦》(The Secret Chord)这本书中,把大卫这个“人”全面展开给我们看。
细数下来,《圣经》中大多数人物,只能算作“功能型”,为了传播某种寓意而存在;而像大卫的故事这样,从孩童到老年,从牧羊少年到一代帝王的完整叙述,在《圣经》中真是绝无仅有。按照布鲁克斯的说法,“David is the first man in literature whose story is told in detail from early childhood to extreme old age.”1 (在文学史上,大卫是第一个,从孩童到垂垂老叟,被详细描写的人物。)大卫这个人物的复杂性,也使他显得更加真实:“David must have actually existed, for no people would invent such a flawed figure for a national hero.”2(大卫一定真实存在过,因为没有哪个民族愿意虚构这样一个存在缺陷的民族英雄。)
然而,《圣经》中却并没有以“大卫”命名的一章;他的故事主要记录在《撒母耳记》(Samuel)和《列王记》(Kings)中。年幼时,大卫的故事由曾经的士师(judge)撒母耳讲述;撒母耳离世,也正是大卫成年,开始在旷野中做打家劫舍营生的时候,从此,他的故事,则由先知拿单(Nathan)记录,后者,正巧也是《秘密和弦》的叙述者。
拿单这个记录者,总是跟随在大卫身边左右,但他不像谦恭的鲍斯威尔(James Boswell)那样巨细靡遗地记录伟大的约翰逊博士(Dr. Samuel Johnson)的言行3,也不像鲁钝的华生那样,在福尔摩斯身边,扮演一个总是蒙在鼓里,随时准备听讲的角色;他是“A reluctant warrior. A servant, a counselor. Sometimes, perhaps, his friend. And this, also, have I been: a hollow reed through which the breath of truth sounded its discordant notes.”4(不情愿的战士。仆人、参事。有时候,也许是个朋友。还有,我也是一茎空心芦苇,真相的气息,在我身上吹出刺耳的音符。)作为先知,也许他并不能看得比普通人更远,但他代表了“以色列的良心”,他见证了大卫的强大、软弱、仁慈、暴虐、喜悦与痛苦,见证了大卫在伟大与卑微、兽性与人性之间的挣扎。
大卫,那个牧羊少年,也曾希望自己像父兄一样,平安、富足地度过一生;但是,命中注定,他竟拥有别人无法企及的神力和智慧。
于是,顺理成章地,他便拥有了生杀予夺的无上权力。
日后,在日益狂暴的兄长和逐渐老朽的父亲争斗的夹缝中,寻得一块喘息之地的所罗门——大卫的小儿子,曾经与拿单有过这样的一段对话:
“You know the eagle is called king of the sky,” I said.“Why do you think that’s so?” We talked about the eagle’s keen eyes, and how a king also must be visionary, looking beyond the
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surface of things; how its speed and strength surpassed other birds, just as a king must hope to surpass his subjects. We talked about its ability to find prey(獵物), and how a king also must be a provider for his people. And then, unexpectedly: “An eagle is ruthless and takes whatever he wants,” he said. “Kings do that, too.”5
(我说,“鹰被称作天空之王,你知道这是为什么吗?”我们说到鹰有锐利的眼睛,王也应当眼光独到、长远,能看破事物的表象;鹰的速度、力量都远超其他鸟类,王也应期望能力超越他的臣民。我们谈到鹰觅食能力非凡,王也应努力满足人民所需。
后来,他道出一句我意想不到的话,“鹰冷酷无情,想要什么便去夺来,国王也这样干”。)
所罗门了解“英雄”的本来面目,就像他了解手中那只日渐长大的鹰。
大卫就是那只鹰,他给予了以色列人从未想象过的光荣,他也肆意抢夺,仿佛这个世界都是为他创造。
当年,当撒母耳放弃士师的位置,把扫罗(Saul)送上以色列之王的宝座时,曾经要以色列人出来指证他可曾犯过任何“抢夺”之罪:“I have listened to you in all that you have said to me, and have set a king over you. See, it is the king, who leads you now; I am old and gray, but my sons are with you. I have led you from my youth until this day. Here I am; testify against me before the Lord and before his anointed. Whose ox have I taken? Or whose donkey have I taken? Or whom have I defrauded? Whom have I oppressed? Or from whose hand have I taken a bribe to blind my eyes with it? Testify against me and I will restore it to you.”(1 Samuel, 12: 1-5. 撒母耳对以色列众人说:“你们向我所求的,我已应允了,为你们立了一个王。现在有这王在你们前面行。我已年老发白,我的儿子都在你们这里。我从幼年直到今日都在你们前面行。我在这里,你们要在耶和华和他的受膏者面前给我作见证:我夺过谁的牛,抢过谁的驴,欺负过谁,虐待过谁,从谁手里受过贿赂因而眼瞎呢?若有,我必偿还。”)
那个令上帝反感的国王扫罗,其实并没有大张旗鼓地抢夺过什么,倒是被上帝垂青的大卫,才是真正的贪得无厌,抢夺土地、财富……还有女人。
大卫总爱夺人妻子,或许在这种“抢夺”中,他才能看到自己“权力”的最高体现。 在被老王扫罗(Saul)追杀,不得不流落旷野的日子里,大卫曾经杀了富人拿八(Nabal)——确切说来,是用武力“吓死”了拿八,并夺了他的妻子亚比该(Abigail)。当然,那时候,这事可以被看作理所当然,罪责在被夺妻的一方——面对前来“乞求”施舍一二军饷的大卫的使者,拿八妄言,“Who is David?... Shall I take my bread and my water and my meat that I have butchered for my shearers, and give it to men who come from I do not know where?”(1 Samuel, 25: 10-11. 大卫是谁?……我岂可将饮食和为替我剪羊毛人所宰的肉,给我不知