英语修辞手法

摘要(summary)是一种对原始文献(或文章)的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文。它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的,不加主观评论和解释,但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。

摘要写作(summary writing)是一种控制性的作文形式,它能使学生通过阅读原文,吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处,写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。另外,对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助,有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到,事无巨细,一一罗列的不良倾向。这种写作既要准确理解原文,又要能综合概括;既能培养欣赏能力,又能训练书面表达能力。因此,用英文写摘要,对学习英语写作的学生来说,不失为一种切合实际的方法。下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要。

1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读全篇作品,然后对作品进行整体分析,掌握原文总的意思和结构,明确全文的主题(the maintheme)和各段的段落大意(the main idea)。

2)弄清要求。搞清楚是写全文概要,还是写某一部分的概要,或者就某些问题写出要点。

3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构,将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。

4)草拟写作提纲并写出初稿。将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲,以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿。在写作时要特别注意下面几点:

(1)摘要应包括原文中的主要事实(main facts);略去不必要的细节(unnecessary details)。

(2)安排好篇幅的比例。摘要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容。 (3)注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接。要用适当的转折词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子。 (4)尽可能用自己的话来写,但不排斥用原文的某些词句。 (5)计算词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求。- The summary Definition

The summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition. Give the gist of the author’s exact and essential meaning. A summary should not contain any interpretation or comment. Uses of summary writing

(1) improving reading comprehension Requires carefully reading Concentration of attention (2) good for composition writing. express one’s thought clearly, concisely. (3) Practical uses for scientists, businessmen, lawyers etc. Procedures (1) reading

1) Read the passage through to get the gist.

2) Give a title to your summary. Topic sentence at the beginning/ end of the passage. 3) Decide important points.

4) take down main points- the subject, title, and important details. (2) writing

1) length. Summary be 1/4~1/3 the length of the original. 2) your own words, instead of a patchwork from the original. 3) follow the logical order of the original.

4) self-contained, fully and clearly convey the message of the original. 5)compression: - omit the details. - reduce the examples. - simplify the descriptions. - eliminate all repetitions.

- compress wordy sentences and change phrases to words. e.g. They acted in a manner that rendered them liable to prosecution. → They acted illegally.

- use general words instead of specific words.

- use the shortest possible transitions. For example, but, then, thus, yet and for. - put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech. (3) revision

Revise your draft.

Compare it with the original and make sure- it has all the important points

it doesn’t have unnecessary words or phrases. the language is simple and direct.

it has no mistakes in spelling, grammar, punctuation. 英语修辞手法

一、明喻(simile)是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系,两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等,例如: 1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。

2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. 他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来,像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。

3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something. 它那长长的叶子在风中摆动,好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。

二、隐喻(metaphor)这种比喻不通过比喻词进行,而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写,甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。

1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets... 德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。 2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。

三、提喻(synecdoche)又称举隅法,主要特点是局部代表全体,或以全体喻指部分,或以抽象代具体,或以具体代抽象。例如:

1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men. 长城不仅是用石头和土建造的,而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。 句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”(巨大的牺牲) 2、“...saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,...” ……他说这是世界上最美的语言。

这里用具体的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”。

4、Many eyes turned to a tall,20—year black girl on the U.S. team. 很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的20岁的黑姑娘。 这里的“many eyes”代替了“many persons”。

四、拟人(personification)这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上,使之人格化,以物拟人,以达到彼此交融,合二为一。

1、She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“ Watching Ants”) 一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。

这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。

2、My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again. 我唯一担心的是,到了一月份我又得去找工作。

英语里常把“年”“月”“日”人格化,赋以生命,使人们读起来亲切生动。

五、夸张(hyperbole)这是运用丰富的想象,过激的言词,渲染和装饰客观事物,以达到强调的效果。 1、My blood froze. 我的血液都凝固了。

2、When I told our father about this,his heart burst. 当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时,他的心几乎要迸出来。

3、My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter’svoice on the phone. 从电话里一听到我女儿的声音,我的心几乎停止跳动。

六、借代(metonymy)是指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。 1、Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them... 几年以后,他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。 “word”在这里代替了“news, information”(消息、信息) 2、Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”. 艾尔用眼睛说,“是的”。

“说”应该是嘴的功能,这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”。

七、讽刺(irony)是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义,从而达到使本义更加幽默,更加讽刺的效 果。 Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes. 啊,当然,我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。

店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客:像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢?名为“gentlemen”实则“beg gar”而已。 八、头韵法(alliteration)在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组,其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音,以增强语言的节奏感。

How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness. 1.Simile 明喻

明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如:

1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud.

3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻

隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如:

1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.

2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻

借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如:

1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.

2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如:

a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:

I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻

提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如:

1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人.

2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿.

3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.(整体代部分) 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Personification 拟人

拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.

联系客服:779662525#qq.com(#替换为@) 苏ICP备20003344号-4