非谓语动词作宾语补足语的区别
英语中某些及物动词后除了要求跟有宾语外，还要求跟有宾语补足语（宾补），句子的意思才能完整。现在分词、过去分词和不定式三种非谓语动词都可以充当宾补。但由于它们的形式不同，表示的意义也不同。现比较如下： 一、现在分词作宾补
现在分词作宾补表示动作当时正在进行，尚未结束，强调动作的发生过程或当时一段时间的状态。此时，宾语与宾补之间的关系是主动的主谓关系。下列两类动词之后通常用现在分词作宾补。
1、表“感觉”的动词：see; watch; observe; notice; look at; feel; find; catch; hear; listen to等。例如：
I heard Tom singing an English song in the next room. 我听见汤姆在隔壁正在唱一首英语歌 （汤姆正在发出“唱歌”这个动作。） On the top of the hill, he could see smoke rising from the chimneys．
站在山顶上，他可以看到缕缕炊烟正在从烟囱里冉冉升起。(炊烟正在发出“升起”这个动作。)
He looked around and caught a man putting his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
他环顾四周，无意中发现一个人正在偷旅客的钱包。(catch sb doing sth. 意思是“无意发现某人（正）在做什么”。)
He was found smoking in the hall, so he was fined heavily. 有人发现他在大厅里抽烟，结果被重罚。
2、表“使役”的动词：have; keep; get; start; send; leave; set等。例如： His letter left me feeling pretty bad．
他的信使我感到相当难受。（指当时那段时间的状态。） What she said set me thinking．
她说的话让我深思。（指当时那段时间“思考”的状态。） I’m sorry to keep you waiting so long a time.
很抱歉让您久等了。 （指当时那段时间“等待”的状态。）
二、过去分词作宾补
过去分词作宾补，强调动作的完成和结果，此时，宾语与宾补之间的关系是被动的主谓关系。它主要是用在下列三类动词之后。
1、 表示“感觉”的动词，主要有see; watch; observe; notice; look at; feel; find; catch; hear; listen to等。例如：
When they got there，they found the house burnt down．
他们到那儿时，发现房子已全部烧毁。（房子已经被“烧掉”，强调结果。） I heard the song sung yesterday. 昨天我听到有人唱了那首歌。（ 歌被人“唱”。）
2、表示“心理状态”的动词：like; think; expect; want; wish等。例如： The waitress asked the American how he liked his steak cooked. 女服务员问那个美国人愿意怎么烹调牛排。（牛排被“烹调”。） I wish my homework finished before five o’clock..
我希望5点前完成我的作业。(作业被“完成”。)
3、表示“使役”的动词：have; get; leave; keep; make; order 等。 Don’t leave those things undone.. 要把那些事情做完。(事情被“做”。)
The teacher couldn’t make himself paid attention to because there was too much noise outside.
老师无法让（学生）集中注意力，因为外面太吵了。（指老师本人不能被学生“注意”。） 注意：
使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种意义，具体指那种意义，要根据上下语境来确定。
过去分词所表示的动作由主语让他人完成的。例如： 1) I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.
明天我要理发。（虽然头发被理，但这里指主语“我”让理发师理发。） 2) 过去分词所表示的动作是指主语所经历的一件不好的事情。例如： He had his leg broken when he was playing football yesterday. 他昨天打足球的时候，腿被摔断了。（虽然腿被摔断，但这里指主语的不好的一次经历，与第一点意思显然不一样。）） 三、动词不定式作宾补
在英语中有些动词要求接动词不定式作宾补。它表示该动作发生在谓语动词之后，属将要发生的动作。应注意如下几个方面：
1、 带to的不定式作宾补。有这种用法的动词常见的有：ask; tell; get; wish; like; want; expect; prefer; enable; teach; know; understand; would like; cause; force; know; intend; permit; request; order; invite; encourage; warn; remind; oblige; forbid; challenge; drive等。例如： Wei Fang asked me to go shopping with her. 魏芳叫我跟她一起去逛商场。（“逛商场”这个动作发生在“叫”之后。） Our teacher encouraged us to study harder. 老师鼓励我们努力学习。（“努力学习”发生在“鼓励：之后。） 注意：
1）当表示“见解、看法”的动词后带不定式作宾补时，其宾补形式通常是to be或to have done。这类词通常有：believe; consider; declare; discover; guess; declare; find; imagine; judge; feel (认为); suppose; think; understand等。例如： I consider him to have done wrong. 我认为他做错了。
Later, he discovered the story to be true. 后来，他发现那个故事是真实。
2）表示“好恶”的动词后带不定式作宾补时，不能用于被动。这类动词主要动词有：like; dislike; prefer; hate; love; want等。例如： I hate people to tell lies. 我厌恶人说谎。
Do you prefer me to do the work by myself? 你更愿意我独自做这个工作。
3）某些短语动词后可带不定式作宾补。这类动词主要有arrange for; ask for; call on; count on; depend on; long for; rely on; wait for等。例如： You can not count on Tom to help you.
别指望汤姆能够帮你。 I am waiting for you to reply. 我在等你的答复。
2、 省to的不定式作宾补。这类动词有feel; hear; listen to; have; let; make; see; look at; notice; observe; watch。这类动词后的宾补表示该动作已经结束或未来要发生的动作。应注意：在主动语态中省to，在被动语态中要to, 其中have没有被动式。例如：
We saw them play football yesterday.
昨天我们看了它们打了足球。（表示看了“打足球”整个过程。在主动语态中省to。）
He was made to stand outside for two hours.
他被要求在外面占了两个小时。（在被动语态中要加to。）
非谓语动词练习
1. Helen had to shout ________ above the sound of the music. A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
2. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures ________ in your mind instead of before your eyes.
A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed 3. The man insisted ________ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding 4. The old man, _____ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked 5. You were silly not ________ your car.
A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked
6. Don’t leave the water ________ while you brush your teeth.
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run 7. When flint ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced 8. “We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob, ________ out of the window. A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked 9. My advisor encouraged ________ a summer course to improve my writing skills. A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take 10. ________ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited