第十三节 虚拟语气
虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达假设、主观愿望、猜测、建议、可能或纯粹的空想等非真实情况。
一 if非真实条件句中的虚拟语气
1.if非真实条件句的基本用法
由if引导的非真实条件句表示对现在、过去、将来的事实进行假设时，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可以分为以下三类： 假设类型 与现在事实相反 与过去事实相反 与将来事实相反 条件从句谓语动词形式 动词过去式（be用were） had+过去分词 动词过去式，（should+）动词原形，were to+动词原形 主语谓语动词形式 should/would/could/might+动词原形 should/would/could/might+have+过去分词 should/would/could/might+动词原形 The victim would have had a chance to survive if he had been taken to hospital in time.遇难者如果及时送往医院，他本来就有机会活下来的。（与过去事实相反）
If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.如果我知道他的电话号码，我会告诉你。（与现在事实相反）
If there should be a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating.如果下周日下大雪的话，我们就不去滑冰了。（表将来）
[专四真题] If there were no subjunctive mood, English ______ much easier to learn. could have been B. would be C. will be D. would have been 译文：如果没有虚拟语气，英语学习起来就会更容易了。
分析：本题表示与现在事实相反的假设。表现与现在事实相反，条件从句用一般过去时，主句使用should(would)+动词原形，故B为答案。A项 could have been 是对过去事实的假设，与从句所表示的现在事实不吻合；C项 will be 不可以用于虚拟语气中；D 是与过去事实相反的假设的虚拟语气从句形式。
2.省略if的虚拟条件句的用法
在虚拟条件句中，如果从句中含有were, had或should等词时，可将if省去，把were, had或should等提到主句之前，引起倒装。如果句中没有were, had或should等，则不能省略if，也不能用倒装结构。
[专四真题] _____for the fact that she broke her leg, she might passed the exam. Had it not been B. Hadn’t it been C. Was it not D.W ere it not 译文：要不是因为摔断了腿，他或许已经通过了考试。
分析：由于主语从句使用了 might have done 结构，说明此句表示的内容与过去事实相反，故条件状语从句中应该使用had done 结构。若要将虚拟条件句中的连词省去，则需将助动词提到主语前面，否定词位置不变，因此A项 Had it not been 为正确答案。
3.错综时间虚拟条件句
有些时候，条件从句表示的动作和主语表示的动作发生在不同的时间，比如一个是过去发生的，一个是现在发生的。这时，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据自己所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟形式。如：If they had invited me, I would go with them now. 如果他邀请过我，我现在就和他们一起走了。
[专四真题]____if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand? A．Would you be surprised B.Were you surprised
C. Had you been surprised D. Would you been surprised 译文：如果我昨天不事先打招呼就来了，你会觉得吃惊吗？
分析：这是一个错综时间虚拟条件句。从句是对过去事实的假设，而主句问的是回答者现在的感受，因此主句应该为 Would you be surprised,答案为A。 二 介词或介词短语表示虚拟条件
有些介词或介词短语隐含条件之义，其虚拟形式与if引导的非真实条件状语从句类似，需根据从句所用的时态，来选择主句的谓语形式。这些词包括：without(没有)，but for(要不是),in the absence of(如果没有)，were it not for(要是没有),but that(若不是)等。
But for their help, we could not have finished the work on time.要不是他们的帮助，我们就不可能按时完成那项工作。（表过去）
Without electricity, there would not be modern industry.没有电，就没有现代工业。（表现在） In the absence of gravity,there would be no air around the earth.如果没有重力，地球周围就没有空气。（表现在）
三 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1.wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟语气主要形式为：
表示对现在的假设时，从句的谓语动词为一般过去式（be动词用were）。 表示对过去的假设时，从句的谓语动词为“had+过去分词”或“could/would have+过去分词”。 表示对将来的愿望时，从句的谓语动词用“would/could/might+动词原形”。
Sometimes I wish I lived in a different time and a different place.有时候我希望自己生活在一个不同的时间和空间里。（表现在）
I wish I were as strong as you.我希望像你一样健壮。（表现在）
He didn’t go to the party, but he does wish he had been there.他没有去舞会，不过他很希望自己当时在那里。（表过去）
I wish prices would come down.我希望物价能降下来。（表将来）
2.had hoped表示过去没有实现的愿望，意为“本来想要，但愿”，其后的宾语从句用“would+动词原形”表示虚拟。
I had hoped that I wouldn’t bore you by talking about my children. 但愿我谈论我的孩子没有使你厌倦。
3.would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well, would prefer之后的宾语从句用虚拟语气表示愿望，意为“宁愿”，“但愿”。
表示对现在或将来的愿望：would rather/sooner+主语+动词过去时（be动词用were）； 表示对过去的愿望：would rather/sooner+主语+动词过去完成时。
I would rather I had not gone to the party yesterday evening.要是我昨天晚上没有去参加那个晚会就好了。（表过去）
I would rather/sooner you came tomorrow.我宁愿你明天来。（表将来）
4.在表示命令、建议或要求等动词后的宾语从句中要求用虚拟语气，谓语形式为“（should）+动词原形”。这类动词有：ask（要求），advise（建议），suggest（建议），request（请求；要求），commend（推荐），decide（决定），determine（决定），insist（坚持认为），intend（打算），prefer（更喜欢；宁愿），propose（提议），order（命令），recommend（推荐），imagine（想象）等。
I suggested that you (should）try to understand him.我曾建议你试着去理解他。
They demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be withdrawn immediately.他们要求立即撤出侵略军。
【专四真题】My boss ordered that the legal documents______ to him before lunch.
be sent B.were sent C.were to be sent D.must be sent 译文：我老板下令午饭前必须交给他那些法律文件。
分析：若主句谓语动词为suggest, demand, order, propose, request等表示建议、要求、命令等语气的动词，后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形”，因此选A。 四 主语从句中的虚拟语气
虚拟语气用于主语从句的常见结构是“It is+形容词/名词/过去分词+that引导的主语从句”,主语从句的谓语动词为“（should）+动词原形”。适用此结构的词包括： 形容词：advisable（可取的，明智的），appropriate（适当的），desirable（想要的），essential（必需的），fundamental（基本的），imperative（命令的），important（重要的），necessary（必要的），proper（适当的），urgent（紧急的，急迫的），vital（至关重要的）等。 名词：a pity（可惜），a shame（耻辱；羞愧），no wonder that（难怪）等。 过去分词：arranged（安排，计划），desired（渴望），requested（请求），suggested（建议），recommended（推荐），required（必需），demanded（要求）等。
It is essential that these application forms（should）be sent as early as possible.重要的是把这些申请表尽早寄出去。
It is highly desirable that a new president（should）be appointed for this college.大家非常希望一位新校长来管理这所大学。
【专四真题】It is imperative that the government______more investment into the shipbuilding industry.
A. attracts B. shall attract C. attract D. has to attract 译文：势在必行的是，政府应该在船坞制造业吸引更多的投资。 分析：It is imperative that…表明that从句需要使用虚拟语气，其形式为“should+动词原形”，其中should可以省略，故答案为C。 五 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在表示建议、命令、主张、目的、愿望等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中的常用虚拟语气，谓语动词的形式为“（should）+动词原形”。 这类名词有：suggestion（建议），proposal（提议，建议），requirement（要求），order（命令），demand（要求），decision（决定），advice（建议），desire（要求），idea（主意），importance（重要性），instruction（指示），necessity（需要；必需），motion（提议），preference（优先考虑），recommendation（推荐；建议），resolution（解决），request（要求）等。 His desire is that he（should）be buried next to his wife.他希望死后与妻子合葬。
The suggestion that the mayor（should）present the prizes was accepted by everyone.每个人都接受了让市长来颁奖的建议。
【专四真题】He left orders that nothing______touched until the police arrived here. A. should be B. ought to be C. must be D. would be 译文：他留下命令说警察到这里之前不得碰任何东西。
分析：orders表明其后同位语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，形式为“（should+）动词原形”，故选项A正确。 六 状语从句中的虚拟语气
1.在as if 或as though 引导的方式状语从句中，若从句的内容并非现实，则需用虚拟语气。
表示从句与主句动作同时发生，从句谓语动词用were或动词过去式；
表示从句动作可能在将来发生，从句谓语动词用“could/ would +动词原形”； 表示从句谓语的动作发生在主句动作之前，从句谓语动词用“had +过去分词”。
It seems as if it was (were) spring already .现在仿佛已经是春天了。（表现在） It seems as if he would recover .看来他好像会康复。（表将来） It seems as if she had been to England.好像她到过英国似的。（表过去）
*注意：as if 引导方式状语从句时，若说话人对从句所表达的内容较有把握，则用陈述语气。如：It looks as if it is going to rain .看来要下雨了。
2.虚拟语气用在even if，as 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句谓语可参照由if 引导的虚拟条件从句的谓语，用一般过去时、过去完成时或动词原形。注意even if 从句里可用虚拟动词表示与事实相反，even though 则是就事论事，不用虚拟。
Even if he were my brother, I would not trust him .即使他是我哥哥，我也不会信任他。（他不是我哥哥）
Even though he is my brother, I don’t trust him.尽管他是我哥哥，我还是不信任他。（事实上他是我哥哥）
Even if it rains tomorrow, we won’t change our plans.即使明天下雨，我们也不会改变计划。 Even if I had met him, I wouldn’t have told him about our plan.即使我见过他，我也不会告诉他我们的计划。
【专四真题】Much as______, I couldn’t lend him the money because I simply didn’t have that much spare cash.
A.I would have liked to B .I would like to have C.I should have to like D.I should have liked to [译文]尽管我很想借钱给他，但是没法借，因为我没有那么多的闲钱。 【详解】much as 引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”，该从句为与过去相反的虚拟语气，谓语使用 would have done ,故答案为A,其中to后省略了lend him the money,以避免重复。D项表示“应该”，而不表意愿。
3.在whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter wh-等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气的结构为“may+动词原形（指现在或将来）”或“may+完成式（指过去）”，主句结构不限。
I will be waiting for him no matter how late he may come.不管他来得多么晩，我都会一直等他。
4.在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为should+动词原形，主句结构不限。
Although Though he should often be late ,he is a good student.尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。
5.lest,in case,for fear that 以防，万一，唯恐引导目的状语从句常用虚拟语气，谓语动词用should+动词原形。Lest,for fear that从句中的should可以省去，in case 从句中的should通常不省略，但是in case 引导的从句也可用陈述语气。
He took the raincoat with him lest it(should) rain.他带上了雨衣，以防下雨。 I obeyed her lest she (should)be angry.我得顺着她，免得她生气。
I will not make a noise for fear that I(should )disturb you.我不会做声的，以免打扰你。 In case he comes,let me know.万一他来了，告诉我一声。（陈述语气） 七 其他句型中的虚拟语气
1.It is (high /about)time 结构
在It is (high/ about)time that …后面跟虚拟语气，谓语动词通常用一般过去式，有时也用should+动词原形，意为该是干……的时候了。如：
It is high time that we went home now.我们现在该回家了。
*注意：句型It’s the first /second /third time that…表示一种经历，that从句要使用完成时态。
如：It’s the fifth time that he has rung you in a week.这是他在一周之内第5次给你打电话了。 [专四真题]That was not the first time he us.I think it’s high time we______strong actions against him.
A.betrayed…take B.had betrayed…took C.has betrayed…took D.has betrayed …take
译文：那不是他第一次背叛我们。我认为我们该对他采取强硬措施了。 分析： 当句子里有序数词first/ second/ third…时，后面的定语从句要用完成时态，前一个句子是过去时，所以应该用过去完成时，即had betrayed;后一句使用了It is high time… 句型，其从句的谓语动词要用过去式，表示对现在事实的虚拟，即took.
2.if only引导的感叹句表示“但愿，要是??就好了”,其用法和wish基本相同，只是感情色彩更强烈。
表示现在的情况，谓语动词用过去式;
表示过去的情况，谓语动词用过去完成式；
表示将来的情况，谓语动词用“would/ could +动词原形”。 If only he were here!如果他在这里就好了！（表现在）
If only I had not been busy yesterday!要是昨天我不忙该多好啊！（表过去） If only you would listen to our advice.要是你会听我们的建议就好了。（表将来）
3.intended/ meant /hoped/ wished /planned 或was/ were +不定式完成式或had intended/ planned/ meant/ hoped/ wished +不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气，表示“本计划/打算/想要??”。
I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.我本来打算要拜访你的，但是当时很忙。
典型真题训练
1.I ______the party much more if there hadn't been quite such a crowd of people there . A. would enjoy B. will have enjoyed C. would have enjoyed D. will be enjoyed
2. If you explained the situation to your solicitor , he ______able to advise you much better than I can .
A. would be B. will have been C. was D. were
3. If you ______in such a hurry you ______sugar into the sauce instead of salt . A. were not, would not put B. were, would put
C. had been, would have put D. had not been, would not have put 4. ______their help, we would not have succeeded .
A.Hadn't been for B. Had it not been for C. It hadn't been for D. Had not it been for 5. She asked that she ______allowed to see her son in police custody . A. would be B. could be C. be D. was
6. It is necessary that he ______the assignment without delay . A. hand in B. hands in C. must hand in D. has to hand in
7. It is absolutely essential that William ______his study in spite of some learning difficulties . A. will continue B.continued C. continue D. continues 8. If only I ______play the guitar as well as you ! A. would B. could C. should D. might
9. ______you ______further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice . A. If , had B. Have , had C. Should , have D. In case , had