物理化学第7章 电化学参考答案

根据德拜-休克尔极限公式:ln????1.1727.596?10

?3??0.102

???0.903

a?m?7.596?10?3?()mol?kg?1?8.41?10?3mol?kg?1

0.903 m??m???mc?溶解度: c???8.41?10?3mol?kg?1?2g?dm?3

m(2) 在0.01 mol/kg KBrO3溶液中的??不同于在纯水中的??,须重新计算。先假设

???1,求出m(Ag?),然后求出I,再通过德拜极限公式计算求出??,最后求出精确的

m(Ag?)。

m(Ag?)0.01?m(Ag?)??5 ??K?5.77?10sp??mm 解得:m(Ag?)?4.094?10?3mol?kg?1

I?11mizi2?(0.01?1?0.01409?1?0.00409?1) mol?kg?1?0.0141 mol?kg?1 ?22

???exp(?1.1720.0141)?0.870

?m(Ag?)0.01?m(Ag?)Ksp5.77?10?5 ??2??7.62?10?5 ??2mm??0.870m(Ag?)2m(Ag?)?5则 ()?0.01??7.62?10?0 ??mmm(Ag?)c?解得: c??5.06?10?3mol?kg?1?1.2g?dm?3 ?m严格说来,德拜-休克尔极限公式只适用于离子强度小于0.01的稀溶液,(2)中溶液的离子强度已经超过范围,因此,求得的??只能是近似值。本题结果说明了离子强度对微溶盐的影响。

19. 298 K时AgCl的溶度积Ksp = 1.71×10-10,试求在饱和水溶液中,AgCl的离子平均活度及离子平均活度系数各为多少。 解: Ksp?(?c2) c? c?1.31?10?5mol?dm?3 ln????1.1721.31?10

?5??4.242

???0.996

m??5?5 ?0.996?1.31?10?1.30?10?m a????20. 试写出下列电极分别作为电池正极和负极时的电极反应:

(1) Cu(s)/Cu2+ (2) (Pt)I2(s)/I- (3) Hg-Hg2Cl2(s)/Cl- (4) Ag-Ag2O(s)/H2O, OH- (5) Sb-Sb2O3(s)/H2O, H+

2-2- (6) Ba-BaSO4(s)/SO4 (7) (Pt)/Cr3+, Cr2O7, H+

(8) Na(Hgx)/Na+ (9) (Pt)O2(g)/H+ (10) (Pt)H2(g)/OH- 解:(1) 正极:Cu2??2e??Cu(s) 负极:Cu(s)?Cu2??2e? (2) 正极:I2(s)?2e??2I? 负极:2I??I2(s)?2e? (3) 正极: Hg2Cl2(s)?2e??2Hg?2Cl? 负极: 2Hg?2Cl??Hg2Cl2(s)?2e?

(4) 正极: Ag2O(s)?2e??H2O(l)?2Ag(s)?2OH? 负极: 2Ag(s)?2OH??Ag2O(s)?2e??H2O(l) (5) 正极: Sb2O3(s)?6H+?6e??2Sb(s)?3H2O(l) 负极: 2Sb(s?)3?(l)2HO2+ HSO(s)??63b?6e?2?? (6) 正极: BaSO4?2e??Ba?SO24 负极:Ba?SO4?BaSO4?2e 2?+ (7) 正极: Cr?2O7?14H3+?8?e23+2?Cr?2C?O7r2 O(l)7H 负极: 2Cr?72HO?(l)+?+ ?14?H8e+? (8) 正极: Na?e?xHg?Na(Hgx) 负极:Na(Hgx)?Na?e?xHg (9) 正极: O2(g)?4H?4e?2H2O(l) 负极:2H2O(l)?O2(g)?4H?4e

(10) 正极: 2H2O(l)?4e?H2(g)?2OH

??+?+?负极:H2(g)?2OH??2H2O(l)?4e?

21. 写出下列电池所对应的化学反应

(1) (Pt)H2(g)|HCl(m)|Cl2(g)(Pt) (2) Ag-AgCl(s)|CuCl2(m)|Cu(s)

(3) Cd(s)|Cd2+(m1)||HCl(m2)|H2(g)|(Pt) (4) Cd(s)|CdI2(m1)|AgI(s)-Ag(s)

(5) Pb-PbSO4(s)|K2SO4(m1)||KCl(m2)|PbCl2(s)-Pb(s) (6) Ag-AgCl(s)|KCl(m)|Hg2Cl2(s)-Hg(l) (7) Pt(s)|Fe3+,Fe2+||Hg22+|Hg(l)

(8) Hg(l)-Hg2Cl2(s)|KCl(m1)||HCl(m2)|Cl2(g)(Pt) (9) Sn(s)|SnSO4(m1)||H2SO4(m2)|H2(g)(Pt) (10) (Pt)H2(g)|NaOH(m)|HgO(s)-Hg(l) 解:(1) H2(g)?Cl2(g)?2HCl(m)

(2) 2Ag(s)?CuCl2(m)?Cu(s)?2AgCl(s)

(3) Cd(s)?2H?(m2)?Cd2?(m1)?H2(g) (4) Cd(s)?2AgI(s)?CdI2(m1)?2Ag(s)

??(5) SO24(m1)?PbCl2(s)?PbSO4?2Cl(m2)

(6) 2Ag(s)?Hg2Cl2(s)?2AgCl(s)?2Hg(l)

3+(7) 2Fe2+?Hg2+2?2Fe?2Hg(l)

(8) 2Hg(l)?Cl2(g)?2Cl?(m1)?2Cl?(m2)?Hg2Cl2(s)

?2?2?+(9) Sn(s)?SO2(m)?H(g)?SO(m)?Sn(m)?2H(m2) 412421(10) H2(g)?HgO(s)?Hg(l)?H2O(l)

22. 试将下列化学反应设计成电池:

(1) Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) (2) Pb(s) + 2HCl(aq) → PbCl2 + H2(g) (3) H2(g) + I2(g) → 2HI(aq) (4) Fe2+ + Ag+ → Fe3+ + Ag(s)

(5) Pb(s) + HgSO4(s) → PbSO4(s) + 2Hg(l) (6) AgCl(s) + I- → AgI(s) + Cl-

(7) 1/2H2(g) + AgCl(s) → Ag(s) + HCl(aq) (8) Ag+ + I- → AgI(s)

(9) 2Br- + Cl2(g) → Br2(l) + 2Cl-

(10) Ni(s) + H2O(l) → NiO(s) + H2(g)

解:(1) Zn(s)ZnSO4(aq)H2SO4(aq)H2(g,Pt)

(2) Pb-PbCl2(s)HCl(aq)H2(g,Pt) (3) (Pt)H2HI(aq)I2(s,Pt)

(4) PtFe,Fe3+AgAg(s)

2++(5) Pb-PbSO4(s)H2SO4(m)Hg2SO4-Hg(l)

(6) Ag-AgI(s)I?ClAgCl-Ag(s) (7) (Pt)H2(g)HCl(aq)AgCl-Ag(s) (8) Ag-AgI(s)IAgAg(s) (9) (Pt)Br2(l)BrClCl2(g,Pt)

(10) Ni-NiO(s)OH?H2(g,Pt)

?????23. 电池Zn(s)|ZnCl2(0.05 mol/kg)|AgCl(s)-Ag(s)的电动势E = {1.015-4.92×10-4 (T/K-298)} V。试计算在298 K时,当电池有2 mol电子的电量输出时,电池反应ΔrGm,ΔrSm,ΔrHm及可逆放电时的热效应Qr。

解:因为已指定电池有2 mol电子的电荷量输出时的热力学函数变化值,如没有指定,一定要写出电池反应,计算电池反应对应的、当反应进度为1 mol时的热力学函数的变化值。在298 K时,电池的电动势和它的温度系数为

E/V?1.015?4.92?10?4(298?298)?1.015

??E??4?1????4.92?10 V?K ??T?p?rGm??zEF?(?2?1.015 ?96500) kJ?mol?1??195.90 kJ?mol?1 ??E??4?1?1?rSm?zF???[2?96500 ?(?4.92?10 )] J?mol?K ??T?p ??94.96 J?mol?1?K?1?rHm??rGm?T?rSm ?[?195.90 ?298 ?(?94.96 )] kJ?mol??224.20 kJ?mol?1?1

Qr?T?rSm?[298 ?(?94.96 )] kJ?mol?1??28.30 kJ?mol?1

24. 298 K时下述电池的E为1.228 V,

Pt, H2(p)|H2SO4(0.01 mol/kg)|O2(p), Pt

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