College students village officer two learning experiences and 11 seriously practice education to become the primary qualified village \ould be no new China without the Communist Party......\berate in the ears of the revolution. When I was little I was young pioneers when every time I hear a similar sound, I'm excited, deeply impressed by those Communist revolutionary martyr spirit. In the process of growing up, experienced war ancestor master is also often told me about his story as a soldier shed their blood, let me feel the maternal grandparents the noble character of Alex as a senior party member. Little blood was determined to grow in my heart I want to be like his grandparents Alex, soldiers on TV-like, grows up to become a soldier, party members engaged in the great cause of the motherland in the future. College, after tireless efforts I glory to become a Communist Party Member, became a member of 87 million members. However, under thewashing of the passage of time and in real life, although he was a Communist Party Member, but too far up from the older party members, they have spirit, thinking, consciousness and character, and now me, or we are a young party that seems to be missing something. Now as a basic means of college students village officer, Assistant to the Secretary of the General party branch and grass-roots party members, is my party recently, when the \ps on my own, or are a lot like me, thinking there are some slack, at some indifferent on the ideal and faith of young party members, is a very good chance. Because of this study, is no longer the cadres to learn a few key, but something we all 87 million Communist Party members to join, and the learning is not a short-term focus on learning, but long-term regular learning. ake this opportunity to speak I will carefully study the party Constitution and party rules, series, striving to be the qualified party members, competent college students village officer. School-the cornerstone. Ideological building is the key to do well in everything. No ideals and beliefs, ideals and beliefs is not determined, mentally %um\be more regulation out of bounds, paomaodilou problems. 18 of the party since the Party Central Committee continued to promote the party's ideological and political construction, whether the educational practice of the mass line of the party, or the \-three\ducation practices, are from the mental effort. As a grass-roots party members, ideologically determined is particularly important, so after work I will conscientiously abide by the party Constitution, strengthen party spirit, belief and faith, be sure to always maintain a high degree of consensus with the Party on the thoughts and actions. Party, party, party party, party party, subjected to armed socialist theory system with Chinese characteristics, guiding practice to supplement calcium, and strengthen the spirit of self-discipline ofthe base, pave the way for politically. Par enhancing awareness, learn to stand on the issues, on the overall situation of the自然地理学名词解释
第二章：地壳
地壳：是地球硬表面以下到莫霍面之间由各类岩石构成的壳层，在大陆上平均厚度35km，在大洋下平均厚5km。地壳厚度差异很大。地壳由沉积壳、花岗质壳层与玄武质壳层组成。地壳是指地球表面的刚性外壳，属于岩石圈的上部。地壳的组成可以从元素、矿物、岩石三方面来说明。
克拉克值：把化学元素在地壳中的平均含量百分比称为克拉克值，即元素的丰度。各种元素丰度不一。高丰度元素的地球化学行为对地壳的矿物组成将发生积极影响。
矿物：地壳中的各种化学元素，在各种地质作用下不断进行化合，形成各种矿物。矿物是单个元素或若干元素在一定地质条件下形成的具有特定化学成分和物理性质的化合物，是构成岩石的基本单位。矿物是人类生产资料和生活资料的重要来源之一，是构成地壳岩石的物质基础。单质少，化合物多，呈晶质固体，理化性质随环境而改变。 矿物的特征：形态、光学性质与力学性质。也是鉴别矿物的依据。 矿物的光学性质：透明度、光泽、颜色及条痕。 矿物的力学性质：硬度、解理、断口、弹性等。
岩石：是在各种地质作用下按一定方式结合而成的矿物集合体，是构成地壳及地幔的主要物质。岩石是地质作用的产物，又是地质作用的对象，所以岩石是研究各种地质构造和地貌的物质基础。根据成因可分为岩浆岩、沉积岩和变质岩。
岩浆岩：是由岩浆凝结形成的岩石，约占地壳总体积的65%。岩浆是在地壳深处或上地幔天然形成的、富含挥发组分的高温粘稠的硅酸盐熔浆流体，是形成各种岩浆岩和岩浆矿床的母体。岩浆的发生、运移、聚集、变化及冷凝成岩的全部过程，称为岩浆作用。岩浆作用主要有两种方式：①岩浆侵入活动→侵入岩。②火山活动或喷出活动→喷出岩（火山岩）
沉积岩：是由成层堆积于陆地或海洋中的碎屑、胶体和有机物质等疏松沉积物固结而成的岩石。沉积岩具有层理，富含次生矿物、有机质，并有生物化石。
暴露在地壳表部的岩石，在地球发展过程中，不可避免的要受到各种外力作用的剥蚀破坏，然后再把破坏产物在原地或经搬运沉积下来，再经过复杂的成岩作用等四个而形成岩石，称沉积岩。
成岩过程：先成岩石的破坏（风化作用与剥蚀作用）、搬运作用、沉积作用和固结成岩作用等四个阶段。
层理：是指岩石的矿物成分、结构、粒度、颜色等性质沿垂直于层面方向变化而形成层状构造。即表现出来的成层性。层理可分为：水平层理、波状层理、交错层理等。
变质作用：无论什么岩石，当其所处的环境与当初岩石形成时的环境发生变化后，岩石的成分、结构和构造等往往也要随之变化，以便使岩石和环境之间达到新的平衡关系，就把其中由内力作用引起的岩石的变化总称为变质作用，基本上是在固态岩石中进行的，因而本质上
College students village officer two learning experiences and 11 seriously practice education to become the primary qualified village \ould be no new China without the Communist Party......\berate in the ears of the revolution. When I was little I was young pioneers when every time I hear a similar sound, I'm excited, deeply impressed by those Communist revolutionary martyr spirit. In the process of growing up, experienced war ancestor master is also often told me about his story as a soldier shed their blood, let me feel the maternal grandparents the noble character of Alex as a senior party member. Little blood was determined to grow in my heart I want to be like his grandparents Alex, soldiers on TV-like, grows up to become a soldier, party members engaged in the great cause of the motherland in the future. College, after tireless efforts I glory to become a Communist Party Member, became a member of 87 million members. However, under thewashing of the passage of time and in real life, although he was a Communist Party Member, but too far up from the older party members, they have spirit, thinking, consciousness and character, and now me, or we are a young party that seems to be missing something. Now as a basic means of college students village officer, Assistant to the Secretary of the General party branch and grass-roots party members, is my party recently, when the \ps on my own, or are a lot like me, thinking there are some slack, at some indifferent on the ideal nd faith of young party members, is a very good chance. Because of this study, is no longer the cadres to learn a few key, but something we all 87 million Communist Party members to join, and the learning is not a short-term focus on learning, but long-term regular learning. ake this opportunity to speak I will carefully study the party Constitution and party rules, series, striving to be the qualified party members, competent college students village officer. School-the cornerstone. Ideological building is the key to do well in everything. No ideals and beliefs, ideals and beliefs is not determined, mentally %um\be more regulation out of bounds, paomaodilou problems. 18 of the party since the Party Central Committee continued to promote the party's ideological and political construction, whether the educational practice of the mass line of the party, or the \-three\ducation practices, are from the mental effort. As a grass-roots party members, ideologically determined is particularly important, so after work I will conscientiously abide by the party Constitution, strengthen party spirit, belief and faith, be sure to always maintain a high degree of consensus with the Party on the thoughts and actions. Party, party, party party, party party, subjected to armed socialist theory system with Chinese characteristics, guiding practice to supplement calcium, and strengthen the spirit of self-discipline ofthe base, pave the way for politically. Par enhancing awareness, learn to stand on the issues, on the overall situation of the有别于岩浆作用。由变质作用形成的岩石就是变质岩。 或：固态原岩因温度、压力及化学活动性流体的作用而导致矿物成分、化学结构与构造的变化统称为变质作用。温度、压力和化学活动性是控制变质作用的三个主要因素。
构造运动：主要是地球内动力引起的地壳机械运动，但经常涉及更深的构造圈。可使地壳乃至岩石圈变形、变位，形成各种地质构造，又称岩石圈的运动，可以促进岩浆活动和变质作用，不仅决定了巨大地表轮廓和水圈的分布，还影响着生物圈的分布，并改变大气环流，以至影响着整个地球表层环境。
构造运动具有普遍性、方向性、非匀速性、幅度与规模差异性等一般特点。 构造运动其基本方式：可分为水平运动（造山运动）和垂直运动。
岩相：反映沉积环境的岩性、结构、构造、化石及其组合特征叫做岩相。通常分为：海相、陆相和过渡相，以下又可各自细分。
褶皱：岩层在侧向压应力作用下发生弯曲的现象成为褶皱。褶皱能直接反映构造运动的性质和特征。主要是由于构造运动形成的，可能是由升降运动使岩层向上拱起和向下坳曲，但大多数是在水平运动下受到挤压而形成的，而且缩短了岩层的水平距离。基本形态只有背斜和向斜两种。
断裂：岩石，特别是脆性较大和靠近地表的岩石，因所受应力超过自身强度而发生破裂，使岩层连续性遭到破坏的现象称为断裂。虽破裂但破裂面两侧岩块未发生明显滑动、位移的断裂构造叫做节理。岩块沿着断裂面有明显位移的则称断层。
火山喷发：即岩浆喷出地表，是地球内部物质和能量快速猛烈的释放形式。火山喷出物很复杂，有气体、液体和固体。火山喷发形式有两类：①裂隙式喷发；②中心式（或管状）喷发。 火山喷发则形成火山，无一例外分布在大小板块边界上。
地震：是构造运动的一种特殊形式，即大地的快速震动。当地球聚集的应力超过岩层或岩体所能承受的限度时，地壳发生断裂、错动，急剧的释放积聚的能量，并以弹性波的形式向四周传播，引起地表的震动。地震只发生于地球表面至700km深度以内的脆性圈层中。世界地震区呈带状分布并与板块边界非常一致，板块间的相互作用是引起地震的主要因素。
板块：板块构造学说认为，岩石圈并非是整体一块，而是被许多构造活动带如大洋中脊、海沟、转换断层、地缝合线、深大断裂等分割成不连续的独立单元（块体），这些块体就是所说的板块。板块浮在软流层上，其内部稳定，边缘是比较活跃的活动带，有强烈的构造运动。
板块的边界有三种类型：
①扩张型边界（或增生型、拉张型、离散型边界）：是新地壳增生的地方，也是海底扩张的中心地带，主要以大洋中脊为代表，如美洲板块与非洲板块之间的边界。其主要特征是，岩石圈张裂，岩浆涌出，形成新的洋壳，并伴随高热流值和浅源地震。
②俯冲型边界（或汇聚型、挤压型边界）：见于两个板块相向移动、挤压、汇聚、俯冲、消减的地方。又分为海沟岛弧型（太平洋板块和亚欧板块之间的边界）和地缝合线型（印度洋板块和亚欧板块之间的边界）
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College students village officer two learning experiences and 11 seriously practice education to become the primary qualified village \new China without the Communist Party......\s of the revolution. When I was little I was young pioneers when every time I hear a similar sound, I'm excited, deeply impressed by those Communist revolutionary martyr spirit. In the process of growing up, experienced war ancestor master is also often told me about his story as a soldier shed their blood, let me feel the maternal grandparents the noble character of Alex as a senior party member. Little blood was determined to grow in my heart I want to be like his grandparents Alex, soldiers on TV-like, grows up to become a soldier, party members engaged in the great cause of the motherland in the future. College, after tireless efforts I glory to become a Communist Party Member, became a member of 87 million members. However, under the washing of the passage of time and in real life, although he was a Communist Party Member, but too far up from the older party members, they have spirit, thinking, consciousness and character, and now me, or we are a young party that seems to be missing something. Now as a basic means of college students village officer, Assistant to the Secretary of the General party branch and grass-roots party members, is my party recently, when the \on my own, or are a lot like me, thinking there are some slack, at some indifferent on the ideal and faith of young party members, is a very good chance. Because of this study, is no longer the cadres to learn a few key, but something we all 87 million Communist Party members to join, and the learning is not a short-term focus on learning, but long-term regular learning. ake this opportunity to speak I will carefully study the party Constitution and party rules, series, striving to be the qualified party members, competent college students village officer. School-the cornerstone. Ideological building is the key to do well in everything. No ideals and beliefs, ideals and beliefs is not determined, mentally \cium\on out of bounds, paomaodilou problems. 18 of the party since the Party Central Committee continued to promote the party's ideological and political construction, whether the educational practice of the mass line of the party, or the \e-three\cial education practices, are from the mental effort. As a grass-roots party members, ideologically determined is particularly important, so after work I will conscientiously abide by the party Constitution, strengthen party spirit, belief and faith, be sure to always maintain a high degree of consensus with the Party on the thoughts and actions. Party, party, party party, party party, subjected to armed socialist theory system with Chinese characteristics, guiding practice to supplement calcium, and strengthen the spirit of self-discipline of the base, pave the way for politically. Par enhancing awareness, learn to stand on the issues, on the overall situation of the自然地理学名词解释
③转换断层型边界（或次生型、剪切型、平错型边界）：在这种边界上，没有板块的新生和消亡，是由于前两类边界的活动导致板块间的其他部分作剪切向水平错动而形成，仅见于大洋地壳中。
大洋中脊：由于海底扩张形成的，位于大洋中间、纵贯世界大洋的巨大海底山脉。是大洋板块新生的地方，是板块发散型边界。
地缝合线：两陆地板块的碰撞结合地带就是地缝合线。两个大陆板块汇聚时，在原弧沟系中发生碰撞，于是产生大规模的水平挤压，褶皱成巨大的山系。现在阿尔卑斯—喜马拉雅地带，就是古特提斯海消失形成的一条地缝合线。
地质年代：在内外力作用下，地壳的组成、构造及外部形态不免经常发生变化，一系列变化构成的连续时间，可以清晰的反映地壳演化的历史，通常以地质年代表示这种演化的时间和顺序，地质年代又有相对年代和绝对年代之分。
相对年代法（古生物地层法）：依据地层下老上新的沉积顺序，地层剖面中的整合与不整合关系，标准古生物化石与生物群体进行对比，确定某个地层或事件的相对年代的方法。此法虽能分清地质时间的先后，却不能确定其具体时间。
绝对年代法：通过矿物或岩石的放射性同位素的测定，依据放射性元素蜕变规律计算其绝对年龄，即距今天的年数。
第三章：大气和气候 大气气溶胶：大气中悬浮均匀分布的相当数量的固体微粒和液体微粒，如海盐粉粒、灰尘（特别是硅酸盐）、烟尘和有机物等多种物质，所构成的稳定混合物，统称为气溶胶粒子。半径10-2——10-8 cm主要来源有自然源和人工源两种。
对流层：是大气的最底层。平均高度11km。
①以空气垂直运动旺盛为典型特点，空气对流运动显著。
②云、雾、雨、雪等主要天气现象都出现在此层，天气现象复杂多变。 ③气温随温度升高而降低，平均每升高100m下降0.65℃。
太阳常数：在日地平均距离（D=1.496×108km）上，大气顶界垂直于太阳光线的单位面积上每分钟接受的太阳辐射，称为太阳常数。事实上，由于太阳光谱辐照度随波长的变化曲线而有年际变化，太阳常数并非保持恒定。
温室效应（花房效应）：大气成分，尤其是某些微量和痕量气体，对太阳短波辐射几乎是透明的，但对于地面的长波辐射却能强烈吸收并转化为热能，再通过大气逆辐射将热量还给地面，在一定程度上补偿了地面因长波辐射而导致温度降低，对地面起着保温作用，即大气的温室效应，使地球表面温度及近地面大气温度维持在一定的范围内，以适合地球生物和人类的生存，这些气体被称为温室气体。既包括自然大气中固有的CO2、水汽、O3、CH4、N2O等成分，也包括人类活动释放的污染物质，主要有氟氯烃化合物（CFCs）及CO2、CH4等。
信风：低纬信风带是自副热带高压向赤道低压带吹送的气流，因受地转偏向力作用，在北半
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