句子结构及成分
① 相关概念
1. 词性的英文缩写
He listens to the music every day. (listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。)
在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果
我们在记单词的时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话， 指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。 一定要把单词词性记准记牢。 考点1. Most birds can fly.（ ） 缩写字母 原词 代表词性 考点2. The children are flying kites in the park. ( ) n. v. vt. vi. modal v. aux. v. adj. adv. num. interj. pron. prep. art. conj
noun verb transitive verb intransitive verb modal verb auxiliary verb adjective adverb numeral interjection pronoun preposition article conjunction
名词 动词
及物动词 不及物动词 情态动词 助动词 形容词 副词 数词 感叹词 代词 介词 冠词 连词
考点3. It happened yesterday.（ ） 考点4. My watch stopped.（ ）
考点5. The baby stopped crying when he saw his
mother. ( ) 考点6. She spoke at the meeting this morning. （ ） 考点7. Shall I begin at once?（ ）
考点8. She began working as a teacher after she left
school.（ ）（ ） 考点9. When did they leave Beijing?（ ） 考点10. They left last week. （ ） 3. 实义动词、助动词与情态动词
实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。
2. 及物动词和不及物动词
实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词 实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物
指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。动词。
如： The door opened.
He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确的意义，单独(open后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。)
作谓语，为实义动词。) He opened the door.
(open后面有宾语the door, 此时，open是及物动词。) I like reading. （like “喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓
语，为实义动词。） 注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，
I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，意义明确，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。
单独作谓语，为实义动词。）
有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义
助动词 相同。如：
The meeting began at six. < vi.> 助动词的“助”是“帮助”之意。因此，助动词是We began the meeting at six. < vt.>
指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问
有(答疑qq 329950885)些动词既可作及物动词又可句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身作不及物动词，但词义不同。如： 无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。 The man walked away. (walk不及物动词，意为“走”)
帮助构成时态的：
He walked the dog every day. ( walk及物动词，“遛”)
The boy is crying.(is 用来帮助构成现在进行时，和
She washes clothes at home. (wash及物动词，“洗”)
crying一起作谓语，是助动词。)
The clothes washes well. (wash不及物动词，“耐洗”)
He has arrived. (has用来帮助构成现在完成时，和
英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不arrived一起作谓语，是助动词。) 同。 I have been painting all day. （have been用来帮助构成
现在完成进行时，和painting一起作谓语，都是助动词。） 帮助构成否定句和疑问句的：
Does he like English? (does帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)
He doesn’t have lunch at home. (does只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)
帮助构成被动语态的
Trees are planted in spring. (are帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词。)
The house has been pulled down. (has been帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词。)
帮助构成虚拟语气
If he had come yesterday, I wouldn’t have made such a mistake.(had, have帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一部分。)
帮助构成倒装句的
So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.
(他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了许多礼物。did只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)
帮助构成强调意义的
He did come yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。)
因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们为基本助动词。
一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。
He did his homework at seven o’clock.(did单独作谓语，意为“做”，是实义动词。)
Did he do his homework yesterday? (did是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句，do是实义动词，意为“做”，是实义动词。)
He has had breakfast. (has是助动词，帮助构成现在完成时，(答疑qq 329950885)had是实义动词，意为“吃”。has had一起构成了句子的谓语。)
指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。
i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii.
Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming? He does ( ) like ( ) swimming. Where does( ) he live ( )?
He does ( ) some washing after work. He has ( ) had ( ) supper already. The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now.
I have ( ) been ( )waiting( ) for you all day.
He was ( ) struck ( ) by a stone.
情态动词
情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如：
He can swim across the river.(can的词义为“能够”) You must stay at home. (must词义为“必须”) I might leave tomorrow.（might的词义为“或许”） （具体用法参看P. 错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。） 4. 谓语和非谓语
在英语中，一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语，再出现动词时，要变成非谓语形式，即：在前面加to构成动词不定式，或在后面加-ing构成动名词或现在分词，或在后面加-ed构成过去分词。也就是说，非谓语是指：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。 先找出句中的谓语，然后改正句中的错误，并说明原因。
考点1. Get up early is good for our health.
早起有利于我们的身体健康。 考点2. I want go home now. 我现在想回家。 考点3. My favorite sport is play football.
我最喜爱的运动是踢足球。 考点4. There is a bird sings in the tree.
有一只鸟正在树上唱歌。 考点5. The boy sits over there likes singing.
坐在那边的那个男孩喜欢唱歌。
考点6. The house was built last year has been sold out.
去年建的那座房子已经出售了。 考点7. The girls are singing over there are my
classmates.
在那边唱歌的那些女孩是我的同学。 考点8. My parents wanted him work hard.
我父母亲想让他努力学习。 考点9. I remember saw him that day.
我记得那天看见过他。 10. I saw him walked into the building. 我看到他跑进那座建筑物。 5. 主动关系和被动关系 先看下面两个题：
1. ______ wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good
sale.
A. Tasted B. Being tasted C. Tasting D. Having tasted 2. The food ______ delicious sells well. A. smells B. smelled
C. smelling
D. is smelling
一些同学分别选A和B。他们说，食物是被品尝、被闻的，和食物构成被动关系，所以要用过去分词。 这种说法是错误的。
3 在我们学习语法的过程中，我们可能会听说“复
合宾语”、“动名词的复合结构”和“动词不定式的复合结构”。
实际上，这几个“复合”，都有“逻辑上的主谓关系”之意。如：
非谓语中的主动关系和被动关系，不是从谁做了这
He invited us to come to the party.
个动作着眼，而是从恢复成一句话后是“主动语态”
(us是宾语，to come to the party是宾语补足语；宾语和
还是“被动语态”着眼。
宾语补足语合在一起称为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足
主动关系： 语是逻辑上的主谓关系。)
从逻辑关系上看，相当于主动语态。如：The boy It’s important for us to learn English well.
crying over there is Tom.(在那边哭的那个男孩) 从逻(it是形式主语，真正的主语是for us to learn English 辑上讲，the boy…cry, 男孩哭，相当于主动语态，是well。“us”是“to learn English well”的逻辑主语，二主动关系。 者构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。for somebody to do 被动关系：
从逻辑关系上看，相当于被动语态。如：The house built (答疑qq 329950885) last year is the strongest.(去年建的那座房子) 从逻辑上讲，the house was built,房子被建，相当于被动语态，是被动关系。 在上两题中，逻辑关系可以表达为：This kind of food tasted wonderful. The food smells delicious. 逻辑上food和taste、smell是一种主谓关系，是主动语态，因此填现在分词。
因此，上两题的答案为C和C。 6. 逻辑上的主谓关系
在判断是否是宾语补足语时，一般说，“宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系”。一些同学对这句话不理解。如：
He asked me to lend him some money.他让我借给他一些钱。
something是动词不定式的复合结构。)
It’s very kind of you to help me.（of you to help me也是动词不定式的复合结构。与for somebody to do something的区别参看P. 错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。，you和to help me构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。） Tom’s coming late made our teacher angry.(Tom迟到使我们老师生气。coming是动名词，Tom’s coming late是动名词的复合结构。Tom是coming late的逻辑主语，二者是逻辑上的主谓关系。) 8. 没有人称和数的变化
先看下列三组句中have、do和be的变化形式 I have a book He has a book. They have a book.
I enjoy watching TV.
“me”是宾语，“me to lend him some money”意为You enjoy watching TV. “我借给他一些钱”。从意思上看，这像一句话，“我”We enjoy watching TV. 是主语，“借给他一些钱”是谓语部分，但在英语原句 He is sleeping. 中，它们却不是真正的主谓关系。因此可以说“逻辑I am sleeping.
They are sleeping.
上的主谓关系”，是指，从意思上看像主谓关系，而实
“人称的变化”是指：谓语动词用什么形式，受前际上不是。“to lend him some money”是宾语补足语。
面主语是第几人称的影响。主语同为单数（表示一个人）， be在第一人称I后用am, 在you后用are, 在 判断下列句中画线部分是否是宾语补足语。(是的
he后用is; do和have在一、二人称后用原形，在第填T，不是的填F)
三人称后用为does, has。 写作专练1. I want him to come at once. ( ) 写作专练2. 写作专练3. 写作专练4.
( )
写作专练5.
Don’t leave the door open at night. ( ) He lent me some money. ( ) He made the boy cry again. ( )
The teacher found him cheating in the exam.
“数”是指“单数和复数”。“数的变化”是指谓语动词用什么形式，还受前面主语是单数还是复数的影响。如果主语是复数，be要用are的形式，do和have用原形。如果主语是第三人称单数，be用is, do和have要用does和has。
情态动词没有人称和数的变化。如： He / I / We can swim.
7. 复合结构
② 句子成分
英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。 1. 划分句子成分时的常用符号 英语中划分句子成分的符号 主语 在下面画直线 谓语 在下面画曲线 宾语 在下面画双横线
定语 在下面画虚线 （一行点使我们想到一
排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”） 状语 下面为短横线 （短横线使我们想到短
木桩，木桩撞（状）钟） 补语 上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是
为了弥补上面短横间的空隙） 同位语 上下双曲线，（虽都有曲折，上下位臵
基本相同
That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.
正确运用主语的各种形式（P. 错误！未定义书签。) Beyond the mountains lie a small village.
Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot. Play basketball is my favorite sport. Give up English is not an option.
3. 谓语
谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：
简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day. 复合谓语：
由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：
2. 主语 You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，
My sister is crying over there. 通常由名词性的词来充当。 I have been waiting for you all the time. 可以作主语的词性或语法结构： I would stay at home all day. 1.名词 2.代词 3.数词 4.名词化的形容词（如the
由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要
rich）5.不定式 6.动名词 7.主语从句等表示。
和表语一起作谓语。如： We are students. 在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充
Your idea sounds great. 当。
① During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. ② We often speak English in class.
③ One-third of the students in this class are girls. ④ To swim in the river is a great pleasure. ⑤ Smoking does harm to the health. ⑥ The rich should help the poor.
⑦ When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. ⑧ It is necessary to master a foreign language. ⑨ That he isn’t at home is not true.
改正下列句中的错误，并说明原因。
He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out.
4. 表语
表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）(答疑qq 329950885)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。 画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。 a) Our teacher of English is an American. b) Is it yours?
c) The weather has turned cold. d) The speech is exciting. e) Three times seven is twenty one. f)
His job is to teach English.
g) His hobby（爱好）is playing football. h) The machine must be under repairs. i)
The truth is that he has never been abroad.
5 短语或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。
在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。
a) 副词用作定语一般要后臵。 People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们) He didn’t like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）
b) 形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。 单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。 The next man is a scientist. The man next to me is a scientist. （我旁边的那个人）
c) 介词短语作定语时要后臵。
The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩） The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）
d) 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式
作定语常后臵。 I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话) The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）
The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）
5. 宾语
宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介词结构。
画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。 They planted many trees yesterday.
(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. I wanted to buy a car.
I enjoy listening to popular music. I think（that）he is fit for his office. 6. 宾语补足语
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和(答疑qq 329950885)宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。 带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 用下画线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。
His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in.
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room.
We found everything in the lab in good order. We will soon make our city what your city is now. I want your homework done on time. 7. 主补
对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。
He was elected monitor.
She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 8. 定语
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、
口头翻译下列句子，用下画线标出定语部分，留意定语的位臵，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。 ① The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.
② The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. ③ We need a place twice larger than this one. ④ She carried a basket full of eggs. ⑤ It’s a book worth no more than one dollar. ⑥ It’s a city far from the coast. ⑦ He has money enough to buy a car. ⑧ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
⑨ There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city. ⑩ Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. ? A boy calling himself John wanted to see you. ? He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home. ? There are many clothes to be washed.
? Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.