2.4Èé×´ÒºÎȶ¨»úÀí
Èé×´ÒºÊǶàÏà·ÖÉ¢Ìåϵ£¬ÒºµÎÓëÁ¬ÐøÏà½éÖÊÖ®¼ä´æÔÚןܴóµÄÏà½çÃ棬ÌåϵµÄ½çÃæÄܴܺ󣬹ÊΪÈÈÁ¦Ñ§²»Îȶ¨Ìåϵ¡£Ð¡ÒºµÎºÏ²¢³É´óÒºµÎÊÇÒ»ÖÖ×Ô·¢¹ý³Ì£¬ÕâÑù¿É½µµÍÌåϵµÄÄÜÁ¿¡£Èé×´ÒºµÄÎȶ¨ÐÔÖ»ÊÇÔÝʱµÄ£¬Ïà¶ÔµÄ¡£µ«ÔÚÒºµÎÖ®¼ä¾Û½áÐèÒª¿Ë·þ×ã¹»´óµÄÊÆÀÝ£¬Õâʱ£¬Èé×´Òº¿É´¦ÓÚ¶¯Á¦Ñ§ÑÇÎȶ¨×´Ì¬£¬ÉõÖÁ¿É±£³ÖÊýÊ®ÄêÎȶ¨¡£
Èçͼ2-1ÖÐËùʾ£¬Èé״ҺʧÎȹý³ÌÖоÀúÈý¸ö»¥ÏàÏνӺÍƽÐеĹý³Ì£¬¼´·Ö²ã(creaming)£¬¾Û¼¯(aggregation)»òÐõÄý(flocculation)ºÍ¾Û½á(coalescence)¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬ÒºµÎÔÚÀ©É¢»ò½Á¶¯×÷ÓÃÏ·¢ÉúÔ˶¯£¬ÔÚÒºµÎÖ®¼äÅųâÁ¦²»´óµÄÇé¿öÏ·¢ÉúÐõÄý¶ø¾Û¼¯³ÉÍÅ£¬ÒºµÎÖ®¼äµÄÁ¬ÐøÏàҺĤÔÚÒºµÎÖ®¼ävan de WaalsÒýÁ¦µÄ×÷ÓÃÏÂÖ𽥱䱡£¬µ±ÒºÄ¤ºñ¶È½µµÍÖÁÒ»ÁÙ½çֵʱҺĤÆÆÁÑ£¬Á½ÒºµÎ·¢Éú¾Û½á¶øºÏ²¢³ÉÒ»¸ö´óÒºµÎ¡£ÓëÐõÄýºÍ¾Û½á¹ý³ÌÏàƽÐУ¬ÒºµÎÔÚÁ½Ïà¼äÃܶȲîµÄ×÷ÓÃÏ·¢ÉúÉϸ¡»òϳÁ¶øʹÈé×´Òº·¢Éú·Ö²ã£¬Óë´Ëͬʱ·¢ÉúµÄÐõÄýºÍ¾Û½á¹ý³Ìµ¼ÖÂÒºµÎÁ£¾¶Ôö´ó»òÐγÉÒºµÎÍÅ£¬Ê¹ÒºµÎÉϸ¡»òϳÁËÙ¶ÈÔö´ó¡£Í¬Ê±£¬·Ö²ã¹ý³ÌÖÐÔ˶¯ËٶȽϴóµÄ´óÒºµÎ×·¸ÏÉÏСҺµÎʱÓÖ¿É·¢ÉúÓɳÁ½µÓÕ·¢µÄÐõÄý¹ý³Ì¡£ÓÉÓÚ·Ö²ã×÷Óã¬ÔÚÈé×´ÒºÉϲ¿»òϲ¿ÐγÉŨÈé×´Òº²ã£¬Ê¹ÐõÄýºÍ¾Û½áµÃµ½Ç¿»¯£¬×îÖÕ·¢ÉúÈé×´ÒºµÄ·ÖÀë¡£
ͼ2-1Èé×´ÒºµÄʧÎȹý³Ì
³ý´ËÒÔÍ⣬СҺµÎÖзÖÉ¢Ïà½éÖÊÔÚÁ¬ÐøÏàÖеÄÈܽâ¶ÈËæÒºµÎ³ß´ç¼õС¶øÔö´ó£¬Ê¹µÃСҺµÎÖеķÖÉ¢Ïà½éÖÊͨ¹ýÁ¬ÐøÏàÏò´óÒºµÎתÒÆ(¼´OstwaldÊ컯)£¬ÕâÑùÒ²¿ÉÔì³ÉÈé×´ÒºÒºµÎÁ£¾¶·Ö²¼±ä¿íºÍËùÐγɵĴóÒºµÎÉϸ¡»òϽµ£¬×îÖÕµ¼ÖÂÈé
×´ÒºµÄÏà·ÖÀë¡£
2.4.1·Ö²ã
·Ö²ãÊÇÓÉ·ÖÉ¢ÏàºÍÁ¬ÐøÏàÖ®¼äÃܶȲîÒýÆðµÄÒºµÎÉϸ¡»òϳÁÏÖÏó£¬ËüʹÈé×´ÒºµÄŨ¶ÈÉÏϱäµÃ²»¾ùÔÈ¡£¶ÔÓÚO/WÐ͵ÄÔÓÍÈé×´Òº£¬ÒòÓÍÖéÉϸ¡£¬Ê¹ÉϲãÖеÄÓÍÖéŨ¶È±Èϲã´óµÃ¶à¡£¶ø¶ÔÓÚW/OÐ͵ÄÔÓÍÈé×´Òº£¬ÔòË®ÖéϳÁ£¬Ï²¿Å¨¶È´óÓÚÉϲ¿Å¨¶È¡£·Ö²ãʱ£¬Èé×´Òº²¢Î´ÕæÕýÆÆ»µ£¬Ö»ÒªÉÔ΢ҡ¶¯£¬ÉÏÏÂŨ¶È¿É±äµÃ¾ùÔÈ¡£
2.4.2¾Û¼¯(ÐõÄý)ºÍ¾Û½á
½ºÌåÎȶ¨ÐÔ¿ÉÓ÷ÖÉ¢ÏàÁ£¾¶ºÍ·ÖÉ¢ÏàÔÚÁ¬ÐøÏàÖзֲ¼¾ùÔȶȵȲÎÊýËæʱ¼ä µÄ±ä»¯Çé¿öÀ´±íÕ÷¡£
¾Û¼¯ÊÇÖ¸·ÖÉ¢ÏàÒºµÎÔÚBrownÔ˶¯¡¢³Á½µºÍ½Á°è×÷ÓÃÏÂÏàÓöʱÐõÄý³ÉÍŵĹý³Ì¡£ÒºµÎ¾Û¼¯¹ý³ÌÖÐËùÐγɵÄÒºµÎÍÅÊÇ¿ÉÄæµÄ£¬¸÷ÒºµÎ¶¼ÈÔÈ»´æÔÚ£¬¾½Á¶¯ºó¿ÉÒÔÖØзÖÉ¢¡£½ºÌåÁ£×ӵĿ¹¾Û¼¯Îȶ¨ÐÔ±íÏÖΪµÍ¾Û¼¯ËÙÂʺͿÉÄæ¾Û¼¯(¾Û¼¯-·ÖÉ¢¹ý³ÌµÄƽºâ)Á½ÖÖÇé¿ö¡£½ºÌåÁ£×ÓÏ໥×÷ÓöÔÆä¾Û¼¯µÄÓ°Ïì°üÀ¨ÅöײЧÂÊ(¼´·¢ÉúÅöײµÄÁ£×Ó½áºÏ³É³Ö¾Ã¾Û¼¯ÌåµÄ¸ÅÂÊ)ºÍ¾Û¼¯ÌåÇ¿¶ÈÁ½¸ö·½Ãæ¡£¸ù¾ÝÁ£×Ó¾Û¼¯¹ý³ÌÏ໥ÎüÒýºÍÅųâ×÷ÓõÄÏà¶Ô´óС£¬¾Û¼¯¿É·ÖΪ¿ìËÙ¾Û¼¯ºÍÂýËÙ¾Û¼¯£¬Ï໥ÎüÒý×÷ÓÃÕ¼ÓÅÊÆÇé¿öÏÂΪ¿ìËÙ¾Û¼¯£¬·´Ö®ÔòΪÂýËÙ¾Û¼¯¡£½ºÌåÁ£×Ó¾Û¼¯¿Éµ¼Ö·ֲãºÍÈé×´Òº½ºÄýÁ½ÖÖÇé¿ö£¬ÔÚºóÒ»ÖÖÇé¿öÏÂÁ£×ӵľۼ¯ÌåÔÚÁ¬ÐøÏàÖÐÐγÉÁËÍøÂç½á¹¹¡£
¾Û½áÓÖ³ÆÄý²¢»ò´ÖÁ£»¯£¬ÊÇÒºµÎ¾Û¼¯³ÉÍźóСҺµÎ»¥ÏàºÏ²¢µÄ¹ý³Ì¡£¾Û½á¹ý³ÌΪ²»¿ÉÄæ¹ý³Ì£¬ËüʹµÃÈé×´ÒºÖеÄÒºµÎÊýÄ¿Öð½¥¼õÉÙ£¬ÒºµÎ²»¶ÏÔö´ó£¬×îÖÕµ¼ÖÂÈé×´ÒºÍêÈ«ÆÆ»µ¡£
¾Û¼¯Îª¾Û½áÌṩÁËÌõ¼þ£¬¶ø¾Û½áÔòÊǵ¼ÖÂÈé×´ÒºÆÆ»µµÄ¹Ø¼ü²½Ö裬һ¸öÈé×´ÒºµÄÎȶ¨ÐÔÓëÆä¾Û½áËÙ¶ÈÖ±½ÓÏà¹Ø¡£ÒºµÎ¾Û½áËÙÂÊÈ¡¾öÓÚ½çÃæÉÏÈ黯¼ÁËùÐγɵÄÎü¸½Ä¤µÄÐÔÖÊ¡£
2.5 ´ÖÁ£»¯³ýÓÍ»úÀí¼°Æ䶯Á¦Ñ§½âÊÍ
2.5.1 ´ÖÁ£»¯³ýÓÍ»úÀí
µ±º¬ÓÐÎÛˮͨ¹ýÒ»¸ö×°ÓÐÌî³äÎïµÄ×°ÖÃʱ£¬ÎÛË®ÖеÄÓ͵λáÓÉС±ä´ó£¬ÕâÒ»
¹ý³Ì¾Í³ÉΪ´ÖÁ£»¯£¬ËùÓõÄÌî³ä²ÄÁϳÉΪ´ÖÁ£»¯²ÄÁÏ¡£¸Ã·½·¨ÊôÓÚÎïÀí»¯Ñ§·¨£¬Í¨³£ÉèÔÚÖØÁ¦³ýÓ͹¤ÒÕ֮ǰ¡£ËüÊÇÀûÓÃÓÍ¡¢Ë®Á½Ïà¶Ô´ÖÁ£»¯²ÄÁÏÇ׺ÍÁ¦Ïà²îÐüÊâµÄÌØÐÔ£¬ÓÍÁ£±»²ÄÁϲ¶»ñ¶øÖÍÁôÓÚ²ÄÁϱíÃæºÍ¿×϶ÄÚÐγÉÓÍĤ£¬ÓÍĤÔö´óµ½Ò»¶¨ºñ¶Èʱ£¬ÔÚË®Á¦ºÍ¸¡Á¦µÈ×÷ÓÃÏÂÓÍĤÍÑÂäºÏ²¢¾Û½á³É½Ï´óµÄÓÍÁ£¡£¾¹ý´ÖÁ£»¯´¦ÀíºóµÄÎÛË®£¬Æ京ÓÍÁ¿¼°ÔÓÍÐÔÖʲ¢²»·¢Éú¸Ä±ä£¬Ö»ÊǸü¸üÈÝÒ×ÓÃÖØÁ¦·ÖÀë·¨½«ÓͳýÈ¥¡£
ÔÚº¬ÓÍÎÛË®È黯³Ì¶È²»¸ßµÄÇé¿öÏ£¬ÎÛË®Öоø´ó¶àÊýÊÇÁ£¾¶Îª10m¼°ÒÔÉϵÄÓ͵Σ¬ÔòÎÛË®×ÔÉ϶øÏÂÁ÷¶¯µÄËÙ¶Èv±ØÐëСÓÚÓ͵ÎÉϸ¡ËÙ¶Èu£¬Ó͵βſÉÉϸ¡ÖÁË®ÃæÈ¥³ý¡£ÓÉ˹ÍпË˹¹«Ê½u=kd02¿ÉÖª£¬Ó͵ÎÉϸ¡ËÙ¶ÈÓëÓ͵ÎÁ£¾¶Æ½·½³ÉÕý±È¡£Èç¹ûÔÚÎÛË®³Á½µÖ®Ç°É跨ʹÓ͵ÎÁ£¾¶Ôö´ó£¬¿É´ó´óÔö´óÓ͵ÎÉϸ¡Ëٶȣ¬½ø¶øʹÎÛË®ÔÚ³Á½µ¹ÞÖÐÏòÏÂÁ÷ËÙv¼Ó´ó£¬ÕâÑù±ã¿ÉÌá¸ß³ýÓ͹ÞЧÂÊ¡£
¹ØÓÚ´ÖÁ£»¯µÄ»úÀí£¬´óÌåÉÏÓÐÁ½Öֹ۵㣬¼´¡°Èóʪ¾Û½á¡±ºÍ¡°Åöײ¾Û½á¡±¡£ ¡°Èóʪ¾Û½á¡±ÀíÂÛ½¨Á¢ÔÚÇ×ÓÍÐÔ´ÖÁ£»¯²ÄÁϵĻù´¡ÉÏ¡£µ±º¬ÓÍÎÛË®Á÷¾ÓÉÇ×ÓÍÐÔ²ÄÁÏ×é³ÉµÄ´ÖÁ£»¯´²Ê±£¬·ÖÉ¢Ó͵αãÔÚ²ÄÁϱíÃæʪÈó¸½×Å£¬ÕâÑù²ÄÁϱíÃ漸ºõÈ«±»ÓÍ°üס£¬ÔÙÁ÷À´µÄÓ͵ÎÒ²¸üÈÝÒ×Èóʪ¸½×ÅÔÚÉÏÃ棬Òò¶ø¸½×ŵÄÓ͵β»¶Ï¾Û½áÀ©´ó²¢ÐγÉÓÍĤ¡£ÓÉÓÚ¸¡Á¦ºÍ·´ÏòË®Á÷³å»÷×÷Óã¬ÓÍĤ¿ªÊ¼ÍÑÂ䣬ÓÚÊDzÄÁϱíÃæµÃµ½Ò»¶¨¸üС£ÍÑÂäµÄÓÍĤµ½Ë®ÏàÖÐÈÔÐγÉÓ͵Σ¬¸ÃÓ͵ÎÁ£¾¶±È¾Û½áÇ°µÄÓ͵ÎÁ£¾¶Òª´ó£¬´Ó¶ø´ïµ½´ÖÁ£»¯µÄÄ¿µÄ¡£ÀýÈçÓþ۱ûÏ©ËÜÁÏÇò¼°ÎÞÑÌú×÷´ÖÁ£»¯²ÄÁϵľ۽ᣬ¾ÍÊôÓÚ¡°Èóʪ¾Û½á¡±¡£
¡°Åöײ¾Û½á¡±ÀíÂÛ½¨Á¢ÔÚÊèÓͲÄÁÏ»ù´¡ÉÏ¡£ÎÞÂÛÓÉÁ£×´µÄ»¹ÊÇÏËά״µÄ´ÖÁ£»¯²ÄÁÏ×é³ÉµÄ´ÖÁ£»¯´²£¬Æä¿Õ϶¾ù¹¹³É»¥ÏàÁ¬ÐøµÄͨµÀ£¬ÓÌÈçÎÞÊý¸ùÖ±¾¶ºÜС¡¢Ï໥½»´íµÄ΢¹Ü¡£µ±º¬ÓÍ·ÏË®Á÷¾¸Ã´²Ê±£¬ÓÉÓÚ´ÖÁ£»¯²ÄÁÏÊÇÊèÓ͵ģ¬Á½¸ö»ò¶à¸öÓ͵ÎÓпÉÄÜͬʱÓë¹Ü±ÚÅöײ»òÏ໥Åöײ£¬Æä³åÁ¿×ã¿ÉÒÔ½«ËüÃǺϲ¢ÎªÒ»¸ö½Ï´óµÄÓ͵Σ¬´Ó¶ø´ïµ½´ÖÁ£»¯µÄÄ¿µÄ¡£ÀýÈçÌÕÁ£×öµÄ´ÖÁ£»¯²ÄÁϵľ۽á¾ÍÊôÓÚ¡°Åöײ¾Û½á¡±¡£
ÎÞÂÛÊÇÇ×Ó͵Ļ¹ÊÇÊèÓ͵IJÄÁÏ£¬Á½Ö־۽ᶼÊÇ´æÔڵģ¬Ö»ÊÇÇ°ÕßÒÔ¡°Èóʪ¾Û½á¡±ÎªÖ÷£¬µ«Ò²ÓС°Åöײ¾Û½á¡±£¬ÔÒòÊÇÎÛË®Á÷¾´ÖÁ£»¯´²Ê±£¬Ó͵ÎÖ®¼äÒ²ÓÐÅöײ£»ºóÕßÒÔ¡°Åöײ¾Û½á¡±ÎªÖ÷£¬µ«Ò²ÓС°Èóʪ¾Û½á¡±£¬ÔÒòÊǵ±ÊèÓͲÄÁϱíÃæ³Á»ýÓÍÄàʱ£¬¸Ã²ÄÁϱãÓÐÇ×ÓÍÐÔ£¬×ÔÈ»ÓС°Èóʪ¾Û½á¡±ÏÖÏó¡£Òò´ËÎÞÂÛÊÇÇ×ÓÍÐÔ²Ä
ÁÏ»òÊÇÊèÓÍÐÔ²ÄÁÏ£¬Ö»ÒªÁ£¾¶ºÍÆäËû·½ÃæµÄ²ÎÊýÑ¡ÔñºÏÊÊ£¬¶¼ÓбȽϺõĴÖÁ£»¯Ð§¹û¡£
2.5.2 ´ÖÁ£»¯³ýÓÍ»úÀíµÄ¶¯Á¦Ñ§½âÊÍ
ÒºµÎ¼äµÄ¾Û¼¯ºÍ¾Û½áÈ¡¾öÓÚÒºµÎÖ®¼äµÄ¶àÖÖ×÷ÓÃÁ¦£¬ÆäÖÐ×î³£¼ûµÄÊÇvan de WaalsÁ¦ºÍ¾²µçÅųâÁ¦¡£van de WaalsÁ¦ÔÚÔ¶¾àÀëºÍ½ü¾àÀëʱռÓÅÊÆ£¬¶ø¾²µçÁ¦ÔòÖ÷ÒªÔÚÖеȾàÀëʱ²úÉú¾²µçÆÁÕÏ¡£
DerjaguinºÍLandau(1941)ÒÔ¼°VerweyºÍOverbeek(1948)Ìá³öÁËÓþ²µç³âÁ¦ºÍvan de WaalsÁ¦ÃèÊöÈܽºÎȶ¨ÐÔµÄÀíÂÛ£¬³ÆΪDLVOÀíÂÛ£¬Æä»ù±¾¼ÙÉè°üÀ¨£º(1)½çÃæΪ¸ÕÐÔƽ»¬±íÃ棬³ý´øµçÍâ¿É¿´×÷ÊǶèÐԵģ»(2)ÈܼÁµÄÐÔÖÊ´ÓÌåÏൽ½çÃæÊǾùÔȵģ»(3)Ë«µç²ã¼äµÄµçÅųâÁ¦ºÍvan de WaalsÒýÁ¦¿É·Ö¿ªÀ´¼ÆË㣬²¢¾ßÓмӺÍÐÔ£»(4)Ë«µç²ãµÄ±ß½çÌõ¼þÊǺãµçºÉÃܶȻòºãµçÊÆ£»(5)Ë«µç²ã¼äµÄ½»»¥×÷ÓòÉÓõãµçºÉµÄ·ÇÏßÐÔPoisson Boltzmann·½³Ì¼ÆË㣻(6)½çÃæƽÃæ¼äµÄvan de WaalsÒýÁ¦²ÉÓÃLondonÉ«É¢Á¦³É¶Ô¼ÓºÍ·¨¼ÆË㣬²¢¼ÙÉè½çÃæ¼äµÄÒºÌå¾ßÓоùÔȵÄÃܶȺͶ¨Ïò·Ö²¼£»(7)ºöÂÔ½Ó´¥½Ç¡£
ÉÏÊö¼ÙÉè±íÃ÷£¬ÔÚ·ÖÉ¢ÏàÁ£×ÓµÄÏ໥×÷ÓÃÖУ¬´æÔÚÒ»¸ö³âÁ¦ÊÆÄÜÓëÒýÁ¦ÊÆÄÜÖ®¼äµÄƽºâ¡£³âÁ¦×÷Óñ»ÈÏΪÊÇÓÉÓÚÁ£×ÓÖÜΧ´øÓÐÏàͬµçºÉµÄÀ©É¢Ë«µç²ãºÍÁ£×ÓÓëÈܼÁÖ®¼äÏ໥×÷ÓÃÒýÆðµÄ£¬¶øÁ½Á£×ÓÖ®¼äµÄÒýÁ¦×÷ÓÃÔòÖ÷ÒªÊÇÓÉvan de WaalsÒýÁ¦ËùÒýÆðµÄ¡£ÎªÁË´ïµ½·ÖÉ¢Á£×ÓµÄÄ¿µÄ£¬±ØÐ뽫Á£×Ó¼äµÄ³âÁ¦×÷ÓÃÌá¸ßµ½×ãÒÔ¿Ë·þÁ£×Ó¼äµÄÒýÁ¦×÷Ó㬲¢ÄÜʹÒѾ¾Û¼¯µÄÁ£×ÓÖØзÖÉ¢¡£
ÈôÒÔUA±íʾÒýÁ¦ÊÆÄÜ£¬UR±íʾ³âÁ¦ÊÆÄÜ£¬Á£×Ó¼äÏ໥×÷ÓõÄ×ÜÊÆÄÜUtotӦΪ¶þÕßÖ®ºÍ£¬ÆäֵΪ¸º±íʾÊÇÎüÒý×÷Óá£
Utot?UA?UR (2-1)
¼ÙÉèÁ½¸öÏàͬµÄÇòÐÎÁ£×Ӱ뾶Ϊa£¬¶þÕßÖ®¼äµÄ¾àÀëΪR£¬ÔòÔÚÕæ¿ÕÖУ¬Á½Á£×ÓÖ®¼äµÄÒýÁ¦ÊÆÄܿɱíʾÈçÏ£º
UA??aCH (2-2) 12HʽÖÐ CH¡ª¡ªHamaker³£Êý£»
H¡ª¡ªÁ£×Ó±íÃæ¼äµÄ×î¶Ì¾àÀë(H=R-2a)£¬m¡£
ÔÚÒºÌå·ÖÉ¢½éÖÊÖУ¬Ó¦Óð´ÏÂʽ¼ÆËãµÄÓÐЧHamaker³£ÊýCHeff´úÌæÉÏʽÖÐ
µÄHamaker³£ÊýCH¡£
CHeff?C?1/2H2?C1/2H1? (2-3)
2ʽÖÐ CHeff¡ª¡ªÓÐЧHamaker³£Êý£¬J£»
CH1¡ª¡ª½éÖÊlµÄHamake:³£Êý£¬J£» CH2¡ª¡ª½éÖÊ2µÄHamaker³£Êý£¬J¡£
ÓÉÓÚLondonÉ«É¢Á¦¾ßÓеç´ÅÌØÐÔ£¬µ±Á½Á£×Ó¾àÀë½ÏÔ¶(>l00A)ʱ£¬´æÔÚ×èÖÍ(Ëðʧ)ÏÖÏó£¬LondonÉ«É¢ÊÆÄÜÓɽü¾àÀëʱÓëÔ×Ó¼ä¾àÀëµÄ6´Î·½³É·´±È±äΪÓëÔ×Ó¼ä¾àÀëµÄ7´Î·½³É·´±È£¬¼´Ô¶¾àÀëÇé¿öϵÄHamaker³£ÊýСÓÚ½ü¾àÀëʱµÄHamaker³£ÊýС¡£
µ±ÇòÐÎÁ£×ӵİ뾶±ÈÆäË«µç²ãµÄºñ¶È´óµÃ¶à£¬¶øÆä±íÃæµçÊÆÓֽϵÍʱ£¬µç³âÁ¦ÊÆÄܿɱíʾΪ£º
12UR??ea?0ln?1?e??H? (2-4)
2?ʽÖÐ UR¡ª¡ª³âÁ¦ÊÆÄÜ£¬J£»
¦Å¡ª¡ª·ÖÉ¢½éÖʵĽéµç³£Êý£¬V£» ¦Õ0¡ª¡ªÁ£×Ó±íÃæµÄµçÊÆ£¬V£» ¦Ê¡ª¡ªÀ©É¢Ë«µç²ãºñ¶ÈµÄµ¹Êý£¬m-1¡£
Èç¹û×ÜÊÆÄÜUtotÔ¶´óÓÚ¿ÅÁ£µÄÈȶ¯ÄÜ(BrownÔ˶¯ÄÜ)kT(15kT¾Í¿ÉÈÏΪÊÇÏ൱´óÁË)£¬Ï໥½Ó½üµÄ¿ÅÁ£¾Í»á±»·´µ¯»ØÀ´¶ø²»ÄÜÏ໥½Ó´¥¡£Èç¹ûUtot²»ÊǺܴó¶øÓëkT½Ó½ü£¬Ôò¿É·¢Éú¿ÅÁ£µÄ»ºÂý¾Û¼¯¡£
ÔÚÁ£×Ó»¥Ïà½Ó½üµÄ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬UtotËæÒºÁ£×Ó¼ä¾àÀëµÄ¼õÉÙ»á³öÏÖÒ»¸ö»òÁ½¸ö£¬ÉõÖÁ¶à¸ö¼«Ð¡Öµµã£¬ÆäÖÐÁ£×Ó¼ä¾àÀë×îСµÄ¼«Ð¡Öµµã³ÆΪÖ÷¼«Ð¡Öµµã£¬ÆäËüµÄ¼«Ð¡Öµµã³ÆΪ´Î¼«Ð¡Öµµã¡£´¦Óڴμ«Ð¡ÖµµãµÄÁ£×Ó¾Û¼¯ÌåÎȶ¨ÐԲ¾Û¼¯µÄÁ£×ÓºÜÈÝÒ×·¢ÉúÔÙ·ÖÉ¢¡£
DLVOÀíÂÛÖ»ÊʺÏË«µç²ãºñ¶È(Debye³¤¶È)Ϊ30~100AµÄ½ºÌåÌåϵ£¬¶øÇÒÖ»ÄÜÃèÊöÁ£×Ó¼äµÄ¾àÀëÓëDebye³¤¶ÈÏà½üÇé¿öϵÄÎȶ¨ÐÔ¡£DLVOÀíÂÛ²»ÊʺÏÌåϵÖк¬ÓÐ΢Á¿¸ßµçºÉÁ£×Ó¼°¾Ûµç½âÖʵÄÌåϵ¡£DLVOÀíÂÛÒ²²»ÊʺÏHamaker³£Êý½ÏµÍµÄÓÍ¡ª¡ªË®ºÍÁ×Ö¬¡ª¡ªË®½ºÌåÌåϵ£¬ÔÚ´ËÇé¿öϲ»ÄܲÉÓÃÉ«É¢Á¦µÄ³É¶Ô¼ÓºÍ·¨¹ÀËãHamaker³£Êý£¬¶ø»¹Ó¦¿¼ÂÇÓëζÈÓйصÄż¼«Á¦¡¢Å¼¼«ÓÕµ¼µÄż¼«Á¦µÄÓ°
?