Chapter5Semantics
1. Definition
1.命名论The naming theory
Proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for, so words are just names or labels for things.(缺点：仅限于名词) 2.意念论The conceptualist view Ogden and Richards
It holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, intheinterpretationof meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. 3.语境论Conceptualism
It’sbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.Herearetwokindsofcontext:thesituationalandthelinguisticcontext. 4.行为主义论Behaviorism
It refers to the attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. This theory somewhat close to conceptualism emphasizes on the psychological response. 2.Lexicalmeaning:
Sense:itisconcernedwithinherentmeaningoflinguisticform;itisthecollectio
nofallfeaturesoflinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized. Reference:itmeansthelinguisticformreferstothereal,physicalworld.Itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience. 3. Main sense relations 1.同义词Synonymy
Itreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaningorwecansaythatwordsarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.
(1) Dialectal synonyms—synonyms used in different regional dialects（方言）
British America autumnfall flatapartment
(2) Stylistic synonyms---Synonyms differing in style（文体） Old man daddy father male parent
(3)Synonyms that different intheiremotive or evaluative meaning（情感）Collaborator VS Accomplice (4)Collocational synonyms（搭配）
Accuse VS Charge（accuse…of; charge…with） Rotten tomatoes VS Addled eggs (5)Semantically different synonyms（语义）
AmazeVSAstound
2.多义词Polysemy
Itreferstodifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilar meaning;thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.
Ball:1. anroundobjectusedingame.
2.alargeformalsocialeventatwhichpeopledance. 3.同音(形)异义Homonymy
It refers to the phenomenon that words have different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 1). Homophones同音异义
It refers to two words are identical in sound. E.g. rain/reign. 2).Homographs同形异义
It refers to two words are identical in form.E.g. tear v. /tear n. 3). Complete homonyms同形同音
Itreferstowordsthatarebothidenticalinsoundandspelling.E.g.tearv. /tearn.
4.上下义关系Hyponymy
Itreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledsuperordinate,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.Superordinate:animal
Subordinate:cat,dog,tiger,lion,wolf,elephant,fox,bear,