?G2?0?G3?nRTln?G4?0?G5??Vdp?0?G??G1??G2??G3??G4??G5??326.7J18.计算下列恒温反应的熵变化:
298Kp22.28?1?8.314?268ln??326.7Jp12.64
??C2H6(g) 2C(石墨)+3H2(g)??已知25C时的标准熵如下:C(石墨)5.74J?K o
?1?mol?1;H2130.6J?K?1?mol?1;
C2H6229.5J?K?1?mol?1。
??C2H6(g) 解:2C(石墨)+3H2(g)???????rSm??SC?2S?3SHCH262298K
?1?229.5?2?5.74?3?130.6??173.78J?K19.计算下列恒温反应(298K)的??Gm:
?KC6H6(g)?C2H2(g)?298???C6H5C2H3(g)
已知25C时C6H5C2H3的?fHm?147.36kJ?K o
??1??mol?1,Sm?345.1J?K?1?mol?1
解:由附表查得:C6H6?g?:
?fH298?82.93kJ?mol?1S298?269.2J?K
??1?mol?1
C2H2?g?:
?fH298?226.7kJ?mol?1S298?200.8J?K?mol??1?1?????rHm??fHC??H??HfC6H6fC2H2?147.36??82.93?226.7???162.27kJ6H5C2H3?????1???rSm?SC?S?S?345.10?269.2?200.8??124.9J?KC6H6C2H26H5C2H3????rGm??rHm?T?rSm??162.27?298???124.9???125kJ????
20.25C、101.325kPa时,金刚石与石墨的规定熵分别为2.38J?K o
?1?mol?1和5.74J?K?1?mol?1;
其标准燃烧热分别为?395.4kJ?mol和?393.5kJ?mol?值,并说明此时哪种晶体较为稳定。 ??Gm?1?1。计算在此条件下,石墨?金刚石的
解:
????rHm??CH石墨??CH金刚石??393.5?395.4?1.9kJ????rSm?S金刚石?S石墨?2.38?5.74??3.36J?K?1????rGm??rHm?T?rSm?2898J
21.试由20题的结果,求算需增大到多大压力才能使石墨变成金刚石?已知在25C时石墨和金刚石
o
的密度分别为2.260?10kg?m和3.513?10kg?m。
3?33?3C石墨?25C,p????C金刚石?25OC,p?O?G'解:??G1 o
?GC石墨?25OC,101.325kPa????C金刚石?25OC,101.325kPa?设25C,压力为p时,石墨和金刚石正好能平衡共存,则
?G'?0?G1??V1dp?V1P??P
P?G2????Vdp?V?P?P?PP??P?22?G'??G1??G2??Gp?p????G??V2?V1?G?11??M??????1??2?1527.2?106Pa
p?1527.1?106Pa
22.101325Pa压力下,斜方硫和单斜硫的转换温度为368K,今已知在273 K时,S(斜方)? S(单斜)的?H?322.17J?mol,在
?1273~373K之间硫的摩尔等压热容分别为
Cp.m?斜方??17.24?0.0197TJ?K?1?mol?1;Cp.m?单斜??15.15?0.0301TJ?K?1?mol?1;试求
(a)转换温度368K时的?Hm;(b)273K时转换反应的?Gm
?Cp?15.15?0.0301T??17.24?0.0197T???2.09?0.0104T368K:?rHm??Hm,273???CpdT?322.17??273368368273??2.09?0.0104T?dT?446.93J?mol?1解:273K:
?H368446.93?rS368???1.214J?K?1?mol?1T368273?Cp273??2.09?0.0104T??rS273??S368??dT??S368??dT368T368T273?1.214???2.09?ln?0.0104??273?368??0.85J?K?1?mol?1368?rGm??rHm,273?T?rS273?322.17?273?0.85?90.12J?mol?1
oo
23.1mol水在100C、101.3KPa恒温恒压汽化为水蒸气,并继续升温降压为200C、50.66KPa,求整个
-3-1-10
过程的△G。(设水蒸气为理想气)。已知CP,H2O(g)=30.54+10.29×10TJ﹒Kmol,SH2O(g(=188.72 )298K)
-1-1
J﹒Kmol
解:1mol 1mol 1mol
100C 100C 200C
101.3KPa △G1 101.3KPa △G2 50.66KPa H2O(l) H2O(g) H2O(g) △S △ G1=0 △
S3=
o oo
?nCP,MTdT
30.54?10.29?10?3dT=6.856+0.772 =?298T373=7.628J﹒K
00-1S373=7.628+ S298=7.254+1.029+5.76=14.04 J﹒K
-1
S473=196.35+14.04=210.39 J﹒K
△G2=△H2-△(TS)=-23.676KJ △G=△G1+△G2=-23.676J
24.计算下述化学反应在101.325KPa下,温度分别为298.15K及398.15K时的熵变各是多少?设在该温度区间内各CP,M值是与T值无关的常数。
000
C2H2(g,P)+2H2(g,P)=C2H6(g,P)
0-1-1
已知:Sm(J﹒Kmol) 200.82 130.59 229.49
-1-1
CP,M(J﹒Kmol) 43.93 28.84 52.65
0-1
解:△rS298.15=229.49-2×130.59-200.82=-232.51J﹒K△S
0
r398.15
-1
=△rS298.15+
0
?P-1
?298.15TdT=-232.51-20.12×0.2892=-238.3J﹒K
398.1525.反应CO(g)+H2O(g)=C2O(g)+H2(g),自热力学数据表查出反应中各物质△fHm,Sm,及CP,M,
000
求该反应在298.15K和1000K时的△fHm,△fSm和△fGm。 解:各物质热力学数据如下表: 数据 -1-1-100
CO(g) H2O(g) -241.818 188.825 31.80 4.47 5.10 CO2(g) -393.509 213.74 22.59 56.15 -24.85 H2(g) 0 130.684 28.45 1.2 0.42 △H(J﹒Kmol) -110.525 S(J﹒Kmol) 197.674
a×(J﹒Kmol) 3-1-1 28.70 -1 b×10×(J﹒Kmol0.14 ) c×10×(J﹒Kmol4.64 ) 6-1-1 -1
-1
△rH298=-393.509-(-110.525-241.818)=-41.14KJmol
-1-1
△rS298=213.74+130.684-197.674-188.825=-42.05J﹒Kmol
3-1
△rG298=-41.17×10+298.15×42.08=-28.62J﹒Kmol
-1-1
△a=-9.46J﹒Kmol
-3-2-1
△b=52.94×10J﹒Kmol
△c=-34.17×10J﹒Kmol
-1
△rH1000=-34.87J﹒Kmol
-1-1
△rS1000=-32.08J﹒Kmol
-1
△rG1000=-2.79J﹒Kmol
26.指出下列式子中哪个是偏摩尔量,哪个是化学势? ??
-6-3-1
??A???G???H????;; ?????n??ni?T,P,n??ni?T,V,n?ijj???U??; ???n?T,P,nj?i??; ??S,V,nj??H???n?i???V??;???S,P,nj??ni???A???;; ???n???T,P,nj?i?T,V,nj???V??;???T,P,nj??ni??; ??T,P,nj解:偏摩尔量:
????A???H??; ????ni?T,P,nj??ni
化学势:
??U???n?i
???H??;???S,V,nj??ni???A???;; ???n???S,P,nj?i?T,V,nj27.对遵从范德华气体方程(P+
a)(v-b)=nRT的实际气体。 v2证明:?a??U???(2)
V??V?T证明:Du=TdS-PdV
??U???S????T???P 由dA= -SdT-pdV ??V?T??V?T=T???P???S???P???P (1) 得?? ?=???T?V??V?Tj??T?V(P+
a)(v-b)=nRT两边对T微分 v2(v-b)???p??=nR ??T?VjnRTaa??U??P?P?2?P?2 ??VV??V?TV?b将上式代入(1)则?
??U???H???????V?S??P?S28.对理想气体,试证明:??nR
?U??????S?V证明:由麦克斯韦关系得:??pv??H???U???U? ??V,??????P,??P?ST?V??S??s??V理想气体:PV=nRT
??U???H??????V?P?pv??S??S 所以 ??nR,则??nR
T??U????S??V
???A?????T????????U
29.试导出亥姆霍兹能A的吉布斯-亥姆霍兹公式,即:?T2??T?????V证明:??A??U?A?U???A???() (1) ????S??TTTT??V1???A??A?U???2?2 T??T?VTT 由(1)得:
???A?????T????????U
所以?T2??T?????V
3-1
30.有一个水和乙醇形成的溶液,水的物质的量分数为0.4,乙醇的偏摩尔体积为57.5cmmol,溶液
-1
的密度为0.8494KgL,求此溶液中水的偏摩尔体积。 解:设水的物质的量 n=0.4,则乙醇物质的量为n=0.6
0.4?18?10?3?0.6?46?103?103 0.6?57.5+0.4?0.8494VH2O=16.175cmmol
o
31.25C,n摩尔NaCl溶于1000g水中,形成溶液体积V和n之间关系可表示如下: V(cm)=1001.38+16.625n+1.7738n+0.1194n
3
2
3
-1
32试计算1mNaCl溶液中H2O及NaCl的偏摩尔体积。