Unit 1 The Roots of Chemistry
I. Comprehension.
1.C 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. B
II. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.
1. The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.
2. Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated.
3. Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a single mundane planet.
4. People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereas others are highly complex.
5. Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there is neither life nor death.
6. Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life, although many of us are not fully aware of this.
III. Translation.
1. (a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation 2. It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like/and so on/and
so forth/and otherwise.
3. Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goes
back to prerecorded times/predating recorded times.
4. According to/From the evaporation of water, people know/realized that
liquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment.
5. You must know the properties of the material before you use it.
IV. Translation
化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行，甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。这三步是：（I）物理进化（化学元素的产生），（II）化学进化（分子和生物分子的形成）；和（III）生物进化（有机物的形成和发展）。
V. Solution:
（1）The relative mass of 1H and 12C atoms can be calculated from their absolute masses in grams.
1
HC12?1.6735?101.9926?10?24?23?0.083986
If the mass of a 12C atom is exactly 12 amu,then the mass of a 1H atom to five significant figures must be 1.0078 amu. 12 amu x 0.083986 = 1.0078 amu
（2）
First we calculate k and then use the first-order rate equation.
k?0.6935730yr?1.21?10kt2.303?1.21?10?4?4/yrlog?A?0?A??
/yrt3logt?1.0000.4772.303?4?2.303??log2.09?1.21?10/yr?6.1?10?6100yrThe bone was tossed away (more precisely, the animal whose bone was died) about 6100 years ago, or about 4100 B.C. We can thus be sure that a village was in existence at that place at that time.
Unit 7 The Nomenclature of Inorganic Substances
I. Comprehension
1.A 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.B
II. Give the systematic name for the following
ammonium ion ; copper(II) ion ; strontium ion; Ccopper(I) ion; iron(II) ion; zinc ion; hydrogen ion; lead((II) ion; aluminum;
silver ion; magnesium ion; chromium(III) ion; Barium ; Manganese(II) ion; iron(III) ion; calcium ion; mercury(II) ion; chromium(II) ion; tin(II) ion.
carbon monoxide; ditrogen trioxide; carbon dioxide; diphosphorus pentoxide; sulfur trioxide; dichlorine heptoxide
arsenate ion; sulfite ion; hydride ion; arsenite ion; bromide ion; hydroxide ion; phosphate ion; chlorate ion; hypochlorite ion; phosphate ion; chloride ion; iodate ion; carbonate ion; chlorite ion; nitrate ion; chromate ion; cyanide ion; iodide ion;
dichromate ion; fluoride ion; nitrate ion;
oxide ion; hydrogen carbonate ion; nitrite ion; sulfide ion; hydrogen sulfate ion; perchlorate ion; sulfate ion; hydrogen sulfite ion; permanganate ion.
III. Complete the table. Formula Old name Systematic name FeO Fe2O3 Sn(OH)2 Sn(OH)4 Hg2SO4 HgSO4 NaCLO K2Cr2O7 Cu3(AsO4)2 Cr(C2H3O2)3 iron (II) oxide iron (III) oxide tin(II) hydroxide tin(IV) hydroxide mercury (I) sulfate mercury (II) sulfate sodium hypochlorite potassium dichromate copper(II) arsenate chromium(IV) acetate IV. Acid names may be obtained directly from its acid ion by changing the name of the acid ion (negative ion). Use the rule to give the name of the following acid. Formula of acid Old name Name of acid H2CO3 carbonic acid HClO2 chlorous acid HClO4 perchloric acid HCN hydrocyanic acid HBr hydrobromic acid H4SiO4 silicic acid H3AsO4 arsenic acid V. Complete the sentences with the proper form of the word given at the end of the sentence.
1.is altered; 2.To illustrate 3.indicates 4.should expect 5.would cancel 6. are pulled 7.depend on 8.are; referred 9.formed 10.have discussed VI. Translation
1. Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed/eliminated.
2. It is necessary that a scientist must know how to use fingures to get an accutate answer to question.
3. Any substance is made of atoms whether it is solid, liquid or gas.
4. The experiment was successful. It’s results was the same as what we had expected.
5. It will not be long before we finish the experiment.
VII. Write equations for the following acid-base reactions. Use the information in
inorganic textbook to predict whether the equilibrium will favor the reactants or the products. (Partially Solved)
Solutin to (a): Cyanide is the conjugate base of HCN. It can accept a proton from formic acid:
OHCOHO+CNHCO+HCNformicacidstrongeracidcyanidestrongerbaseformateweakerbaseweakeracid
Reading from inorganic textbook, formic acid (pKa=3.76) is a stronger acid than HCN (pKa=9.22), and cyanide is a stronger base than formate. The products (weaker acid and base) are favored. …………..
VIII. Write equations for the net reactions which occur when the following materials are added to a sodium-ammonia solution. Answer: (1) 2CH3GeH3 + 2eam- → H2 + 2CH3GeH2-
(2) I2 + 2eam- → 2I-
(3) (C2H5)2S + 2eam- + NH3 → C2H5S- + C2H6 + NH2-
Unit 10 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons
I. Comprehension
1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.B
II. Name the following compounds by the IUPAC system 1 CH3(CH2)nCH3 (n=2, 3, 4, 6, respectively) butane, pentane, hexane, octane 2 (CH3)2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 2-methylpentane 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (CH3)3C-CH2-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH3 (CH3)2CH-CH2CH2-CH(CH2CH2CH3)-CH(CH3)2 CH3-CH2-CH2-C(CH2CH2CH3)2-CH(CH3)2 ◇-CH2-CH(CH3)2 CH2=C(C2H5)(CH(CH3)2) CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CHCl-CH3 CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(C2H5)-C≡C-CH3 CH2=CH-C≡CH (CH3)2CH-CH2CH(OH)CH3 CH3CH2CH=CHCH(OH)CH3 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane 5-isopropyl-2-methyloctane 4-isopropyl-4-propylheptane isobutylcyclobutane 2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene 2-chloro-3-hexene 4-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyne 1-buten-3-yne 4-methyl-2-pentanol 3-hexen-2-ol 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
(CH3)3C-OH (CH3)3C-OCH2H5 (CH3)2CH-CH2-O-C2H5 (CH2OH)2 CH3-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) CH2(OH)-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) CH3CH2NH2 CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH-NH-CH3 2-methyl-2-propanol 2-ethoxy-2-methylpropane 1-ethoxy-2-methylpropane 1,2-ethanediol 1,2-proanediol 1,2,3-propanetriol aminoethane N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpentane III. Draw structures for the following compounds. 1 3-octene C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C 2 3-methy-2-heptene 3 cyclohexene C-C?C-C-C 4 5 2-pentyne 3,3-dimethylhexyne 6 3-bromotoluene CH3Br 7 8 9 vinyl chloride acetylene para-dichlorobenzene C=C-Cl C?C ClCl 10 m-chlorobromobenzene BrCl