to pare an apple 削苹果 to pare one's nails 修剪指甲to pare down expense 削减开支 5.peel
v. to strip sth. off the skin, rind, and bark,etc.
Examples: The wall was peeling. Too much heat will make the bark wrinkle and peel.
Sun the nose till it peels. to peel paint from a car to peel shrimp/a boiled egg
to peel an apple/a banana6.quake
v. to shake violently from shock or instability
Examples: He stood there quaking with fear. 他站在那里吓得发抖。 The earth was quaking. 大地在颤抖 。The boughs quaked at every breath.树枝在风中摇曳7. quiver v. to shake with a slight but rapid
motion, close to trembleExamples: quiver with age?因年老而颤抖 His voice/fingers quivered uncontrollably?他的声音/手指不自觉地颤抖。 The blades of grass quiver in the wind.?草叶在风中颤动。
His lips were quivering with emotion. ?由于激动他的嘴唇在颤抖。 Leaves quiver in the breeze树叶在微风中颤动8.shake
v. to make lots of quick small movements up and down, or side to sideExamples:shake with cold By that time the building is shaking violently. We could not even stand up.
The house shakes when the train goes by. He shakes with emotion.
He was so angry that his whole body shook . 9.shatter
v. a. to break sth. into pieces, as by a blow
b. to damage, as by breaking or crushing; impair or destroy (health, nerves) c. to weaken or refute (an idea or opinion) d. to surprise or astonishExamples:
She was shattered by the news of his death. 他去世的消息使她震惊.
Our hope was shattered我们的希望破灭了.A long illness shattered his health.?一场病把他的身体拖跨了。
An explosion of gunpowder shatters a rock. ?火药把岩石炸碎了。
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Suddenly the silence was shattered. ?寂静突然被打破了。 shatter one's reputation, shatter one's health shatter a plan shatter a mirror shatter faith 10.shiver
v. to tremble mostly because of coldness, fear, or excitement
n. a shaking movement that your body makes when you are cold, frightened, or excited
The night in the desert was cold. We were all shivering. 沙漠里的夜晚很冷，我们冻得浑身发抖.
she gave a slight shiver. 她微微颤动了一下He still had the shivers when he passed the spot where the murder case took place. ?走过当年凶杀案事发现场， 他仍然会不寒而栗。
11.shudderv./n. to tremble with sudden and brief, momentary, convulsive movement; more intense shaking, usu. because of fear, cold, horror, disgust, worry, disapproval, etc. It suggests movement less noticeable to on-lookers. At the sight of the blood-stained knife, she shuddered to screech.
一看到那把沾血的刀，她就尖叫起来。She shuddered at the sight of snake.?她一看到蛇就惊恐万状。
I shudder to think of tension 我怕得不敢想压力12.tremble
v. It implies slight or quick movement for uneasy or nervous reasons. It does not go with violent movementExamples: He trembled/shook with anger when he heard that news.To tell you the truth, I was so frightened that I trembled like a leaf.The old bridge trembled under the train.
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with tremble, quiver, shiver, shake and shudder.
At the sight of his lost son, he ______ with excitement. He was to open the letter. The night in the desert was cold. We were all .News of crime my faith in the humanity.
Anyone familiar with law regulatory enforcement should at the thought of nuclear plants.13.skinn. the external covering or integument of an animal body, esp. soft and flexible
v. to remove the skin fromExamples: skin a rabbit ,skin grapes ,to peel potatoes, to husk the rice
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to shell the peas, to weed the garden , to dust the tables 14.snap
v. a. to break with a sudden sharp distinct noise b. to open or close something suddenly
c. to say something quickly and angrily or in an annoyed manner (fol. by at) d. to take a photo/ take snapshot
e. to make a sharp cracking sound with fingers or teeth or a whipThe door snapped shut behind us. 门啪嗒一声在我们身后关上了。The lock snapped shut. 锁啪嗒一声合上了I snapped at him to sit down. ?我厉声命他坐下。 snap a suitcase shut/open ?啪地关上/打开行李箱
snap off/on a TV set啪地一声关上/打开电视His eyes snapped open/shut . 他迅速睁开/闭上眼睛。He snapped his lighter to see if it needed fuel. 他啪啪地按打火机看是否需要加油。 He snapped his fingers to get the child's
attention.他打了个响指以吸引孩子的注意。
The ferocious dog was snapping at me. ?这条凶猛的狗突然猛咬 我. 15.stretch
v. a. to lengthen, widen
b. to spread out fully; extend from one place to another or across a given space or time c. to reach out
The forest stretches for miles.?森林绵延数百英里。 His memory stretches back to his early
childhood他的记忆回到了童年时代。The beggars all stretched out their hands. But he had nothing to give.
乞丐们都伸出了手，但他却没什么可给的。 The wool coat stretched when it was washed. 这件羊毛外套在洗的时候拉长了。
?He woke, yawned and stretched himself.他醒了，打着哈欠，伸着懒腰。 ?He drove fast on a stretch of open field. 他开车在一片开阔的田野上飞驰。 ?He is having a stretch in jail. 他正在服刑。?She stretched her neck to see what was going on.
?她伸长了脖子看正在发生什么事。
?With a sudden stretch, Tom took the younger boy’s cap. ?汤姆突然伸出手，抢走了小男孩的帽子。
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16.to ad. in or into a closed position Examples: The police kicked the door to. The window was blown to. II. Phrases and Expressions 1.add up
a.to amount to collect total
b.to seem reasonable or make sense
ExamplesAdd up a column of figures. (a) 1.把一栏数字加起来。It has to be true. It all adds up. (b) 这事一定是真的。从各方面都说得通The facts just don’t add up. (b) 1.这些事实根本串不起来。 add up to to amount to; signify Example:
He is sick, but his symptoms don't add up to anything recognizable. 他是病了，但是把各种症状综合起来还看不出是什么病。 2.allow for 考虑到，顾及，为……留出余地
Examples:We must allow for the possibility that they have been involved in the combat.
Allowing for the train being late, we should be back by eleven. He is old-fashioned but you have to allow for his age. allow of 容许， 容许有可能 Examples:
evidence allowing of only one conclusion1.只容引出一种结论的证据 The stool is tall enough to allow of a baby reaching the bed.
凳子的高度足以让婴儿够到床铺Such conduct allows of no excuse这种行为不可原谅make allowance(s) for 考虑到, 体谅
ExampleWe must make allowance for his youth and inexperience3.apart from 除…之外；远离
Examples: The coachman sat eating apart from us.
It is a bit cold in winter, but apart from that, it's quite a pleasant city to live in. Apart from his poor health, he is also hopelessly lazy. count in/out把……算入/不把……算在内
Examples: If you are planning a trip to London, count me in/out.
He counted out ten 5-pound notescount on依靠，指望，料想Example: You can count on me for everything in the future. 5.for all : in spite of all
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Examples:
For all our efforts, we still couldn't save his life.
For all his power, he is still the most despised person.
6.out of proportion:与……不成比例/不相称ExampleHis story was exaggerated out of proportionin proportion to/with 与……成比例/相称ExamplesPrice will be raised in proportion.The size of the furniture should be in proportion to the size of the room.
The figures in the painting are in proportion to the surroundings. 7.prick up 竖起
Examples: The spires of churches prick up through the greenery. 教堂的尖顶耸立在绿树丛中。
His voice pricked up in surprise. 他惊讶得连嗓音都变尖了。 prick (up) the (one's) ears竖起耳朵仔细听 III. Word Building
prefix+root (press) im — press(to press in), op — press(to press against)
de — press(to press down) , com — press(to press together) re — press(to press back)ex — press(to press out)-en 表示人或物原有的某种性质得到加强
blacken fatten loosen weaken ,moisten brighten whiten darken tighten reddendeepen shorten thicken lessen
lightenShe laughed and that seemed to deepen her voice她笑出了声，这似乎使她的声音显得更深沉。
-en 表示用原名词表示的物质制作的物品或与原物质相像的物品 ashen golden silken woolen earthen waxen
oaken woodenPeople wear woolen clothing even on hot days. a rosy, frail girl with bright golden hair
-en与表示或描述性质状态的名词或形容词结合构成动词，描述使某物具有特定性质或处于特定状态的活动过程 deaden enlighten, enliven , hasten hearten IV. Grammar 1.Reflective Verb
The reflective verb is followed by a reflective pronoundress behave express seat enjoy hide improve commit absent
pride prepare calm surpass feel overwork help divorce etc.
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