[编写说明] 语法知识零碎、规则多、变化繁,怎样复习才高效?在同步学习小语法的基础上,一轮复习应高屋建瓴巧整合,明规则、总规律,让考生知其然更知其所以然;应该明考点、知考向,针对努力攻重点。本书以专题为编排单位、以考点为突破口,采用讲练结合的方式,做到点点突破、省时高效。
语法奠基课一 学会划分句子成分是学好语法的必备技能
目前的英语教学往往存在对句子成分不够重视的问题,以至于不少考生在这方面比较薄弱。殊不知正确分析句子成分和判断句子结构是学好英语的必备基础,这不仅对语法填空的解答有直接的影响,而且对写好作文、理解完形填空和阅读理解中出现的长难句有重要意义。
众所周知,句子有若干个组成部分,分别承担着不同的作用,这些组成部分叫作句子成分。英语中的句子成分分为主语?subject?、谓语?predicate?、宾语?object?、表语?predicative?、定语?attribute?、状语?adverbial?、补语?complement?和同位语?appositive?八种,它们就像佛教中的八大护法金刚,各司其职,共同呵护着英语这个“极乐世界”。 一、主语——习惯于发号施令,偶尔也会被赶下台
在句子中,主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。主语一般位于句子开头,且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等,句子主语也可以位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。
[例1] (2017·浙江11月高考语法填空)...and the best part of the process is that there's enough room for improvement, ________ means you'll just keep getting better and better.
[分析] which 空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当主语,且指代前面整个主句的内容,故应填关系代词which。
[练1] (2018·浙江6月高考语法填空) Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
解析: who/that 分析句子结构可知,空格处引导定语从句,修饰先行词“Many westerners”,且在从句中作主语, 所以应用who或that 引导该定语从句。
二、谓语——坚决服从主语“领导”,执行命令雷厉风行
谓语描述主语的行为动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:
1.简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。 Her father works in Nanjing.
2.复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成;(2)由系动词加表语构成。 They must have finished their tasks.
[例2] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Later, engineers ________ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.
[分析] managed 空格处在句中充当主句的谓语动词,根据时间状语later和定语从句的谓语动词became可知此处应用动词的一般过去时,且engineers与manage之间为主动关系,故填managed。
[练2] (2018·浙江11月高考语法填空)You probably have used caffeine since childhood. Caffeine ________ (be) in your first Coke.
解析:was 本空在句中充当谓语动词,为主系表结构;主语是“Caffeine”,为不可数名词,再结合语境可知时态应为一般过去时,所以应填was。
三、宾语——一直受到压制,有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”
宾语表示谓语动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词的后面,受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词、宾格代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句充当,根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。
1.双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)
Mr. Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.(him为间接宾语;advice为直接宾语)
2.复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)
Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations.(us为宾语;“to pay more attention ... regular examinations”为宾语补足语)
[例3] (2017·全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants ________(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.
[分析] to prove 根据句子结构可知,此处应该使用不定式作动词want的宾语。
[练3] (2018·浙江11月高考语法填空) One cup of coffee in the late afternoon or evening will cause ________ (they) to stay awake almost all night.
解析:them 分析句子结构可知,空格处在从句中作cause的宾语,故用其宾格形式them。
四、表语——最会察言观色,就看“主子”脸色
表语一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后,用以说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征或状态等,一般由名词、名词性代词、形容词、分词、数词、动词不定式、动名词(短语)、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。
[例4] (2017·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)However, be_____________ (care) not to go to extremes.
[分析] careful 句意:小心不要走极端。系动词be后应用形容词careful作表语。 [练4] (2018·浙江6月高考语法填空)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be ______ (afford) but doing this most days adds up.
解析:affordable 每周在外面吃一两顿饭可以支付的起,但经常在外面吃钱就会增加,空处作表语,故填affordable。
五、定语——鞍前马后搞服务,全心全意勤务兵
修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词,可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况,如短语结构、从句等作定语时,常置于被修饰词之后。
[例5] (2017·浙江6月高考语法填空)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a __________(shine) object.
[分析] shiny/shining 分析句子结构可知,空格处在句中作定语修饰名词object,故应用形容词形式。shiny“发光的”,shining“发光的,发亮的”。
[练5] (2016·四川高考语法填空)For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something ________ (eat)!
解析:to eat 此处表示找吃的东西,动作尚未进行,故填to eat。
六、状语——行踪飘忽不定,却对动词“情有独钟”
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。一