2020版高考英语(新课改·外研版)一轮复习学案语法奠基课一学会划分句子成分是学好语法的必备技能含解析

[编写说明] 语法知识零碎、规则多、变化繁,怎样复习才高效?在同步学习小语法的基础上,一轮复习应高屋建瓴巧整合,明规则、总规律,让考生知其然更知其所以然;应该明考点、知考向,针对努力攻重点。本书以专题为编排单位、以考点为突破口,采用讲练结合的方式,做到点点突破、省时高效。

语法奠基课一 学会划分句子成分是学好语法的必备技能

目前的英语教学往往存在对句子成分不够重视的问题,以至于不少考生在这方面比较薄弱。殊不知正确分析句子成分和判断句子结构是学好英语的必备基础,这不仅对语法填空的解答有直接的影响,而且对写好作文、理解完形填空和阅读理解中出现的长难句有重要意义。

众所周知,句子有若干个组成部分,分别承担着不同的作用,这些组成部分叫作句子成分。英语中的句子成分分为主语?subject?、谓语?predicate?、宾语?object?、表语?predicative?、定语?attribute?、状语?adverbial?、补语?complement?和同位语?appositive?八种,它们就像佛教中的八大护法金刚,各司其职,共同呵护着英语这个“极乐世界”。 一、主语——习惯于发号施令,偶尔也会被赶下台

在句子中,主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。主语一般位于句子开头,且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等,句子主语也可以位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。

[例1] (2017·浙江11月高考语法填空)...and the best part of the process is that there's enough room for improvement, ________ means you'll just keep getting better and better.

[分析] which 空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当主语,且指代前面整个主句的内容,故应填关系代词which。

[练1] (2018·浙江6月高考语法填空) Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.

解析: who/that 分析句子结构可知,空格处引导定语从句,修饰先行词“Many westerners”,且在从句中作主语, 所以应用who或that 引导该定语从句。

二、谓语——坚决服从主语“领导”,执行命令雷厉风行

谓语描述主语的行为动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:

1.简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。 Her father works in Nanjing.

2.复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成;(2)由系动词加表语构成。 They must have finished their tasks.

[例2] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Later, engineers ________ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.

[分析] managed 空格处在句中充当主句的谓语动词,根据时间状语later和定语从句的谓语动词became可知此处应用动词的一般过去时,且engineers与manage之间为主动关系,故填managed。

[练2] (2018·浙江11月高考语法填空)You probably have used caffeine since childhood. Caffeine ________ (be) in your first Coke.

解析:was 本空在句中充当谓语动词,为主系表结构;主语是“Caffeine”,为不可数名词,再结合语境可知时态应为一般过去时,所以应填was。

三、宾语——一直受到压制,有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”

宾语表示谓语动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词的后面,受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词、宾格代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句充当,根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。

1.双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)

Mr. Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.(him为间接宾语;advice为直接宾语)

2.复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)

Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations.(us为宾语;“to pay more attention ... regular examinations”为宾语补足语)

[例3] (2017·全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants ________(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.

[分析] to prove 根据句子结构可知,此处应该使用不定式作动词want的宾语。

[练3] (2018·浙江11月高考语法填空) One cup of coffee in the late afternoon or evening will cause ________ (they) to stay awake almost all night.

解析:them 分析句子结构可知,空格处在从句中作cause的宾语,故用其宾格形式them。

四、表语——最会察言观色,就看“主子”脸色

表语一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后,用以说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征或状态等,一般由名词、名词性代词、形容词、分词、数词、动词不定式、动名词(短语)、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。

[例4] (2017·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)However, be_____________ (care) not to go to extremes.

[分析] careful 句意:小心不要走极端。系动词be后应用形容词careful作表语。 [练4] (2018·浙江6月高考语法填空)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be ______ (afford) but doing this most days adds up.

解析:affordable 每周在外面吃一两顿饭可以支付的起,但经常在外面吃钱就会增加,空处作表语,故填affordable。

五、定语——鞍前马后搞服务,全心全意勤务兵

修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词,可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况,如短语结构、从句等作定语时,常置于被修饰词之后。

[例5] (2017·浙江6月高考语法填空)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a __________(shine) object.

[分析] shiny/shining 分析句子结构可知,空格处在句中作定语修饰名词object,故应用形容词形式。shiny“发光的”,shining“发光的,发亮的”。

[练5] (2016·四川高考语法填空)For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something ________ (eat)!

解析:to eat 此处表示找吃的东西,动作尚未进行,故填to eat。

六、状语——行踪飘忽不定,却对动词“情有独钟”

修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。一

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