博联兄弟同声翻译提醒大家专注本帖：
高级口译和专八阅读以及文化常识必读。想过专八的同学和想过高口的同学，本文当成扫盲课，每周温习一遍。坚持3个月，成人文专家。
1、 Two major elements in European culture: the Greco-Roman/ Judeo-Christian
2、 Democracy means: ―exercise of power by the whole people‖, but by ―the whole people‖, the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens, and citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father, women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded, they have no rights. 3、 Homer epics: the Iliad / the Odyssey 4、 Drama developed in the 5th century B.C Tragedian 悲剧作家
Aeschylus希腊的悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯— Prometheus普罗米修斯 bound/ Persians / Agamemnon阿伽门农, 特洛伊战争中希腊军队的统帅
Sophocles— Oedipus[希神]俄狄浦斯 the king / Electra / Antigone[希神] 安提歌尼(底比斯王俄狄普斯之女, 因违抗禁令而自杀身亡)
Euripides欧里庇得斯(希腊的悲剧诗人)— Andromache / Medea美狄亚(希腊神话中科尔喀斯国王之女, 以巫术著称, 曾帮助过伊阿宋取得金羊毛) / Trojan 特洛伊women Comedist 喜剧作家
Aristophanes— Frogs / clouds / Birds wasps 5、 Philosophy
Socrates苏格拉底 : Dialogues <谈话录> 他坚持的观点是人类的美德是一种知识，因此一切恶行都是无知的结果。
Plato柏拉图: Dialogues对话录 / the Apology / Symposium (dealing with beauty and love) / the Republic Plato’s philosophy is called idealism理想主义, 唯心论.
Aristotle亚里斯多德: Ethics 伦理学/ Politics / Poetics诗论 / Rhetoric修辞学
重点What should be man’s aim in life? Aristotle’s answer was happiness, but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation沉思.
6、 Cynics 犬儒主义 P29
Diogenes第欧根尼：希腊哲学家，哲学犬儒学派奠基人，强调自我控制和推崇善行。说他曾提着灯在雅典大街漫步寻找诚实的人, decided to live like a dog and the word ―cynic‖ means ―dog‖ in Greek, he rejected all conventions – whether of religion, of manners, dress, housing, food, or of decency. 7、 Roman history P38
The year 27 B.C divided the history of Romeinto two periods: before then, Romehad been a republic, in that year, Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extend, encircling the Mediterranean地中海 , reaching Scotland in the north and spreading into Armenia and Mesopotamia in the east. The emperors relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions古罗马军团(约有3000至6000步兵,辅以数百名骑兵) and an efficient bureaucracy官僚机构 to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well developed system of roads. Thus the Roman enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon in history know as the pax Roman罗马帝国统治下的和平. 8、 Virgil维吉尔(古罗马诗人,公元前70-公元前19)
The greatest of Latin poets, wrote the great epic, 作品the Aeneid《埃涅伊德》. 9、 About Bible P52
The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the old Testament旧约全书 and the new Testament. The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, the doctrine教义 of Jesus Christ, the word＂Testament＂means ―agreement‖ –namely the agreement between God and man. 10、 Rise of Christianity P73
At the heart of Christianity is the life of Jesus: how he lived and died to redeem救赎the whole human race.
Why Jesus be crucified十字架钉死?
Jesus propagated传播the faith about God—men should believe in God and love him and behave like God’s children and love another. ―everyone is equal‖ before God.
In AD 30, in Galilee, Jesus was regarded as被认作 a dangerous man that threaten the clique派系in power. At the end of three years, he went with his disciples信徒to Jerusalem耶路撒冷 for the Passover逾越节, but was betrayed by Juda. Jesus was rushed to trial and crucified as a revolutionary preacher and dangerous reformer.
11、 Translations of the Bible P86 Aramaic dialect 亚拉姆语 Hebrew 希伯莱
Vulgate edition 拉丁文圣经
12、 What’s means code of Chivalry骑士制度? P94
As a knight, he was pledged誓言to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and respect women of noble birth贵族出身. These rules were known as a code of Chivalry. 13、 基督教是如何成为合法的唯一宗教并被尊为国教 P76
Constantine康斯坦丁大帝, who won war between rivals for the throne君主 and the emperor of Roman. He believed that God had helped him in winning the battle, issued the Edict of Milan in 313. It granted准予religions freedom to all, and made Christianity legal.
In392 A.D, emperor Theodosius made Christianity, the official religion of the empire and outlawed宣布...为不合法all other religious.
14、 The crusades 十字军 名字的由来？为什么东征及东征的意义P99
To express their religious feelings, many people in the middle Ages went on journeys to sacred神圣的 places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem耶路撒冷. But in 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who unlike the Arabs attacked the Christian pilgrims 朝圣者，killing many of them and sold many others as slaves. New of this kind roused 激起great indignation among Christians in western Europe. The result was a series of Holy wars圣战 called crusades十字军东侵which went on about 200years. All the soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics束腰外衣 as symbol of obedience顺从to God. Significance:
1*although the crusades did not achieve their goal to regain theHoly land, they had an important effect on the future of both the east and west. They brought the east into closer contact with the west, and they greatly influent on history ofEurope.
2*crusades helped to break down feudalism封建主义.
3* the crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. 15、 National Epics P105
The epic was the product of the Heroic Age古希腊的― 英雄时代‖ 1*Beowulf (700~750A.D), an Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁-撒克逊人epic. 2* Song of Rolan罗兰之诗—about 12th A.D
It is the most well-known of a group of French epics knows asLa Chansonde gestes. P111