简单句的五种基本句型
第一讲 主语＋谓语（不及物动词） ――主谓型
一 句子成分
8.They are talking happily.
9.They are talking happily in the office. 10.I work every day.
四 there be结构
19. I live in Donguan, Guangdong, China. 20.We listen carefully in class.
1主语 2 谓语 3宾语
表示这个句子要陈述的主体是“谁”或者“什么”。主语是一句话的中心，整句话都在谈它的情况。 表示主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”。换言之，谓语表示主语的动作或状态。 动词 动作、行为的对象，或者说是动作的承受者。
还有一种特殊的“主谓型”句型：there be结构。它表示“某处有某物”。eg. There is a book 〈in the box〉.箱子里有一本书。 There are seven days 〈in a week〉. 一周有七天。
此句型谓语在前，主语在后。there be 中be的单复数由它后面的主语决定。若主语是由and连接的几个名词或代词时，由靠近be的那个名词或代词决定。eg.
There is a pen, an eraser and some pencils〈in the pencil-box〉. 铅笔盒里有一只钢笔、一块橡皮擦和几只铅笔。
There are some pencils, a pen and an eraser〈in the pencil-box〉. 铅笔盒里有几只铅笔、一只钢笔和一块橡皮擦。 Exercise 3汉译英 1. 2. 3.
第二讲 主语＋谓语（及物动词）＋宾语――主谓宾型
We study English.
More examples:
The children are watching TV. (孩子们在看电视。) I love you.(我爱你。)
前面说过，任何句子都可以根据需要加上一个或多个状语： He 〈often〉helps us. （他经常帮助我们。）
She played the piano 〈yesterday evening〉.（她昨晚弹钢琴。）
The students played football 〈here〉〈just now〉.（这些学生刚才在这儿踢足球。） He will come〈here〉〈tomorrow〉.（他明天将要来这里。） He will come 〈to Shenzhen〉〈tomorrow〉.(他明天将要来深圳。)
三 定语
有时，句子中的名词或代词会被修饰或者限制。eg. A beautiful girl is waiting for you.（有个漂亮女孩在等你。）
主语A beautiful girl中，名词girl被形容词beautiful修饰，beautiful 叫做girl的定语。定语是用来修饰、限制名词或代词的一种成分。除不定代词something、anything、nothing的定语一定后置以外，单个的单词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词前面，短语或句子作定语放在被修饰名词后面。
1
我家有五口人。 一年有四季。 一年有十二个月。
4. 5.
我的卧室里有一张床、一张桌子和两把椅子。 教室里面有二十张课桌、四十把椅子。
4宾语补足语 用来补充说明宾语“怎么样”、“是什么”、“做什么”的成分。 5主语补足语 用来补充说明主语“怎么样”、“是什么”、“做什么”的成分。 6表语 7定语 8 状语
连系动词后面用来说明主语“是什么”、“怎么样”的成分， 用来修饰、限制名词或代词的成分
用来修饰动词、形容词或副词的成分，有的修饰全句。
给句子划分成分时，用下列符号表示：
主语 谓语 连系动词 宾语 表语｛ ｝
宾语补足语﹙﹚ 状语〈 〉 定语〔 〕 同位语【 】 二 简单句的五种基本句型(1) “主语＋谓语（不及物动词）”――主谓型
I am singing. 我在唱歌。
The boy has arrived. 这个小男孩已经到了。 Soft snow was falling. 下着柔软的雪。 The sun has not yet risen. 太阳还没升起。
谓语除了由单个动词（有时态、语态、语气的变化）充当外，有时由“情态动词＋动词原形”等构成，这种谓语叫做复合谓语。eg.
I can swim.我会游泳。 We must leave.我们必须走了。 三 状语
有时根据需要可以在句末加上时间、地点等： I am singing 〈in the classroom〉. 我正在教室里唱歌。
I am singing 〈in the classroom〉〈now〉. 现在我正在教室里唱歌。
I get up 〈at six〉〈in the morning〉.我早上六点起床。
He lives 〈in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China〉. 他住在中国广东深圳。
状语的位置多在句末，有时也在句首。频度副词（如always，usually、often、ever、never等）则位于动词前。eg. I 〈often〉 get up 〈at six〉〈in the morning〉. 我经常早上六点起床。
Exercise 1翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子，划分句子成分，仔细体会主语、谓语和状语。 1.He is running.
2.He is running on the playground.
3.He is running on the playground with his classmates. 4.They arrived. 5.They arrived here.
6.They arrived here at 10:00 yesterday morning. 7.They are talking.
11.They study hard. 12.He sings well. 13.She runs very fast.
14.He speaks slowly. 15.The kites fly high.
16.I usually wake up at six in the morning. 17.We often play on the street after school. 18.We study at No.1 Middle School.
More examples:
I like the〔interesting〕story.（我喜欢这个有趣的故事。） He will buy the bag〔on the table〕. （他要买桌子上的那个包。） The〔first〕tree has died.（第一株树死了。）
Exercise 1翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子，划分句子成分，仔细体会“主谓”和“主谓宾”句型。 1. I love my country.
2.
I met the teacher in the street yesterday. 3. We have known each other before. 4. Tom is listening to the radio. 5. He is looking for his sister. 6. She is writing.
7. She is writing a letter. 8. You speak quickly.
9. You speak English quickly.
10. Peter often works hard on the farm.
Exercise 2翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子，划分句子成分，仔细体会定语。 1. The handsome young man loves his beautiful wife very much. 2. The old bridge fell down last night.
3. Our teacher’s son plays computer games well.
4. These middle school students often help this old man. 5. I want the second one.
6. He lives in a small building next to my house. 7. The man under the tall tree will speak to you.
8. More than 1000 people visited my school last year. 9. The girl in red will leave soon.
10.
Something strange happened in my class last Friday.
第三讲 主语＋连系动词＋表语――主系表型
第一类 表示状态的连系动词。以be为代表。eg.
I am｛a student｝.（我是学生。――名词作表语）
This house is｛〈very〉large｝.这座房子很大。――形容词作表语） We are｛in the music room｝.(我们在音乐室里。――介词短语作表语) My dad is｛forty｝.（我爸爸四十岁了。――数词作表语）
Exercise 1翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子，划分句子成分，仔细体会主系表结构。 1. They are Chinese.
2. He is at home now. 3. The girl is beautiful. 4. The book is thick.
5. These boxes are very heavy. 6. Your pen is under your desk. 7. I am 17 years old. 8. The food is delicious！ 9. Your son/daughter is so cute. 10.That girl was me.
系动词be有时翻译成“是”，更多的时候不译出来，受中文影响，翻译成英语时容易丢掉。注意：英语中句子必须．．．．．．．
有动词．．．
。
同时，我们还要克服另一种错误：有的同学造句时总是念念不忘be动词，不管什么句型，都乱用上去。注意：只
要句子已有实义动词，就不要乱用系动词be了。 Exercise 3改错。 1． She very tall. 2． The problem easy. 3． The shoes on the floor. 4． The old man 90 years old.
5． I am play table tennis every Saturday. 6． We are go to school at 6;00 in the morning. 7． He was got up early this morning.
表示状态的连系动词，除了be以外，还有:keep(保持，一直)、remain(仍然是)、continue(连续是)、stay(一直)、prove(证明是)、turn out(结果是)等。下面我们通过句子来学习。
Exercise 4 翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子，划分句子成分，仔细体会主系表结构。 1. The students keep quiet in class. 2. I remain happy.
3. He stayed single all his life. 4. My father continues in good health. 5. He proved honest.
6. The weather turned out fine.
第二类 表示感觉的连系动词。
这类动词有：look(看起来)、sound(听起来)、smell(嗅起来)、taste(尝起来)、feel(摸起来，感觉)等。
Exercise 5翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子，划分句子成分，仔细体会系表结构。 1. You look sad. 2. It tastes good.
3. The flower smells fragrant. 4. Your hands feel cold.
5. His idea sounds reasonable.
6. The farm looks like a large beautiful garden. 7. He seemed tired last night.
8. I felt tired after the long journey.
第三类 表示变化的连系动词
这类动词有：become(变成，成为)、get(变得)、turn(变得，转成)、go(变成)、come(变成)、fall(变得，进入某种状
态)等。
Exercise 6翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子，划分句子成分，仔细体会主系表结构。 1. He became a teacher at last. 2. She became famous in 1990. 3.
My dream will come true.
2
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Children fall asleep easily. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Mr. Wang teaches us math.
My friend writes me a letter every month. I’ll pay you 100 yuan.
He often offers us some help. I’ll bring you some new books. He returned me the money in time.
有时候，可把直接宾语放在前面，间接宾语放在后面，这时要加介词to或者for。如： The tiger showed its teeth to us.（老虎向我们露出它的牙齿。） I will fetch a few chairs for you.（我去跟你拿几把椅子来。）
以上列出的动词，其所带的间接宾语改为介词短语时，第一类加to，而第二类加for。第三类则不宜将所带的间接宾
The weather gets warm in spring.
The trees turn green.
Eggs go bad in hot weather. The village has grown larger.
连系动词的一个显著特点：后面可以直接跟形容词作表语。若把其它连系动词换成be，句子仍然讲得通，只是意思没有．．．．．．．．．．．．．原来那么丰富罢了。
掌握“主系表”和“主谓状”句型有助于正确运用形容词和副词：形容词常用在连系动词后作表语；副词常用在实义．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．动词后作状语。eg. ．．．．．．．
The children were happy.(昨天孩子们很开心。――形容词作表语)
The children played happily.(昨天孩子们玩得很开心。――副词作状语)
语改为介词短语。
直接宾语是人称代词时，用to或for引起的介词短语比较好。如： I will return it to the teacher.（我要把它还给老师。） I’ll order it for you.（我来替你点菜。）
Exercise 2仿照示范改写下列句子，并翻译成中文。
Model: He gave her a notebook. (to) → He gave a notebook to her. I sang them two songs. (for) → I sang two songs for them. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
She lent the boy her eraser.(to) → Sometimes I write him letters. (to) → Can you pass me the paper? (to) → I’ll show you my new skirt. (to)→
His parents left him a lot of money. (to)→ The boy sent me the message. (to)→ Dad made us a model ship.(for) → My aunt often buys me presents. (for) → Who will fetch me some chalk? (for)→
第五讲 主语＋谓语（及物动词）＋宾语＋宾语补足语－―主谓宾补型
试分析下列句子：
We call him Peter.（我们叫他彼得。）
They always keep the room clean.（他们总是把房间保持得很干净。）
这两句的宾语him和the room的后面，都有一个说明它们的成分。第一句说明他是彼得，第二句说明房间干净。
这种用来补充说明宾语“怎么样”、“是什么”、“做什么”的成分，叫做宾语补足语。简称宾补。本教程中，整个复合宾语用虚线“ ”表示，并用小括号“（）”将其中的宾语补足语括起来。eg.
We call him（Peter）. They 〈always〉keep the room（clean）.
Exercise 1翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子，划分句子成分，体会复合宾语,注意带复合宾语的动词。 1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 3
They made the girl monitor of the class. They found you a right person for the job. We consider that a lie. We must keep it a secret. They named the baby Tom. He has got everything ready. I think it necessary.
The news made us happy.
注：有些副词如in, out, away, off, around, over, back, up, down等也可以作表语：
Li Ping is in/out.(李平在家/出外去了。) Class is over.(下课。)
这类副词没有相对应的形容词。
Exercise 7选择形容词或副词填空：
1.(slow;slowly) He is ______ .He works ________ .
2.(beautiful;beautifully) The bird looks ___________ . The bird sings _________ .
3.(angry;angrily) The teacher became _______ just now. He shouted ________. He is still _______ now. In another word, he remains ________ .
4.(easy;easily) The work was _______. He finished it ____________. 5.(careful;carefully) I am ________. I do my homework __________.
6.The fish has gone _______(bad;badly). The fish swim __________ (free;freely). 7. (good;well) The dish tastes _________. He plays tennis _________. 8.(happy;happily) She seemed _________. She talked __________.
Exercise 8根据句子结构,判断句中划线的词是形容词还是副词。 1. 2. 3.
The horse is very fast. It runs very fast. You are always early—You get up early, go to school early and finish homework early. Sorry! I’m late. I got up late. 第四讲 主语＋谓语（及物动词）＋间接宾语＋直接宾语―主谓宾宾型
试分析句子：He gave us some money. (他给了我们一些钱。)
句子主语是he，谓语是动词gave；动作gave(给)有两个对象：gave “us”(给“我们”)、gave “money”(给“钱”)。所以，
gave有两个宾语：us在前面，表示人，叫做间接宾语； money在后面，表示物，叫直接宾语。间接宾语由表示人的名词或代词充当；直接宾语由表示事物的名词、代词或从句充当。间接宾语和直接宾语统称为双宾语。间接宾语和直接宾语都用虚线“ ”分别划。
Exercise 1翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子，划分句子成分，体会双宾语,注意带双宾语的动词。 1. 2. 3. 4.
My grandpa often tells me stories. She showed us his picture yesterday. I will lend her my bike. He passed me a pen.
10. I’m cooking you some food. (for) →