高级英语（1）修辞格汇总
一．词语修辞格
(1) simile 明喻
它根据人们的联想，利用不同事物之间的相似点，借助比喻词(如like，as等)起连接作用，清楚地说明甲事物在某方面像乙事物
I wandered lonely as a cloud. ( W. Wordsworth: The Daffodils ) 我像一朵浮云独自漫游。
They are as like as two peas. 他们两个长得一模一样。
His young daughter looks as red as a rose. 他的小女儿面庞红得象朵玫瑰花。 ① The oratorial（雄辩的） storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind though the schools…
② I see also the dull（迟钝的）, drilled（训练有素的）, docile（易驯服的）, brutish（粗野的） masses of the Hun soldiery plodding（沉重缓慢地走） on like a swarm（群） of crawling locusts（蝗虫）.
（2） metaphor 暗喻
暗含的比喻。A是B或B就是A。
All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players演员. ( William Shakespeare )整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。
Education is not the filling of a pail桶, but the lighting of a fire. ( William B. Yeats ) 教育不是注满一桶水，而是点燃一把火。
① It is a vast（巨大的）, sombre（忧郁的） cavern（洞穴） of a room,… ② Mark Twain --- Mirror of America
③ main artery（干线）of transportation in the young nation's heart
④ We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke（枷锁）.
⑤ The dye-market, the pottery market and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb the bazaar. A ⑥ the last this intermezzo came to an end… ⑦ ...the epidemic of gold and silver fever...
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高级英语（1）修辞格汇总
⑧ Twain began digging his way to regional fame...
⑨ Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles...
（3） metonymy 借代，转喻
用一事物的名称来代替另一事物，当然这一事物与另一事物是有关联的。 The White House has denied the report that more troops will be sent to Iraq. He lives by the pen. (=writing). 他以写作为生。
He is too fond of the bottle (=drinking). 他太贪杯了。 ① ...his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxe（镐） （4） synecdoche 提喻 以部分指代整体
1. We are lack of hands. （hands 指代人手，劳动力）
2. The case had erupted round my head. （head指代整个人）
（5） personification 拟人
把物比喻成人。在修辞学上，拟人法是指把非人的东西(如动物、植物、物体、抽象概念等)当作人来描写，并赋予它们以人的特性、外表及活动方式等。 ① Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai, where camels lie disdainfully（轻蔑的傲慢的） chewing their hay（干草）…
② ...to literature's enduring gratitude...（文学的持续感激） ③ The grave world smiles as usual...
④ Bitterness fed on the man...（痛苦为人类提供食物）
（6） transferred epithet 移就 修饰转移
把本应该用来描述甲事物状态的定语去形容乙事物，而乙事物却根本不具备这种性质或功能。(转移描述词; 移就修辞格）
① Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder ② The obese（极为肥胖的） body shook in an appreciative chuckle. ③
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高级英语（1）修辞格汇总
（7） hyperbole 夸张
这是一种故意夸大其词或言过其实(overstatement)的修辞手法，其特点是对表达对象进行有违常识或不合逻辑的夸张性描写，以此来取得强烈的修辞效果。 用数字，形容词副词最高级，全世界，虚拟语气
① The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. ② It is a vast, sombre（忧郁的，严峻的） cavern（洞穴） of a room so thick with dust of centuries. ③ ...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom... ④ The trial that rocked the world
⑤ His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world.\
（8） oxymoron 矛盾修饰法
Parting is such sweet sorrow. ( 别离是这样甜蜜的凄清) a thunderous silence 无声胜有声 a mournful optimist 悲伤的乐观
Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a, \
（9） euphemism 委婉语
作为一种修辞格，Euphemism (委婉)指的是以较文雅、悦耳或温婉的说法来代替粗野、刺耳或直露的说法。它能借助语音、语法、词汇及其他修辞手段，得体地表达生活中那些使人尴尬、惹人不快、招人厌恶或令人恐惧的事物。其主要修辞作用是在语言表达上减少刺激性和敏感性，从而起到一种缓冲或美化作用。
英语委婉语数量众多，其运用范围涉及到社会生活诸领域，大致可概括为以下四个方面
有关疾病、残疾、衰老、死亡的委婉语
① … a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy. ② ...men's final release from earthly struggle
（10） Irony反语
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高级英语（1）修辞格汇总
the use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning. 反语用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法 Thanks to his brilliant leadership, our company is now bankrupt. You are really good. You ruined everything. ① Hiroshima—the ―liveliest‖ city in Japan
② … until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century
（11） sarcasm 讽刺
a cutting, often ironic remark intended to wound. 是指用尖酸刻薄的话对个人的缺点、过失、社会的丑恶现象或黑暗面进行讥讽、挖苦,常是有意地伤害他人的感情,所以常含有较强的贬义。
My friend the attorney-general says that John Scopes knows what he is here for,\drawled. \顽固) are rampant, and it is a mighty strong combination. ① There is some doubt about that.
(12) ridicule（丑化、嘲笑）
有意激起对某人或某事的蔑视的笑或看不起的感情,
通常指用一些不太善意的或看起来比较滑稽和夸张的语言对不良的或愚蠢的行为进行揭露和批评。 ② Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted
③ Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.
④ Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.
（12） pun 双关
① DARWIN IS RIGHT – INSIDE.
② Benjamin Franklin: ―If we don’t hang together, we shall most assuredly hang
separately.‖ (Peter stone and Sherman Edwards. 1776) 如果我们不能紧密地团结在一起，那就必然分散地走上绞刑架。
二、 结构修辞格
（13） parallelism 排比
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高级英语（1）修辞格汇总
英语中Parallelism是并列使用两个或两个以上结构和功能相同的单词、短语或句子来表达相似、相关或相连的事物。
① We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air. ② I see the Russian soldiers standing … I see them guarding... I see the ten thousand villages... I see that small group…
③ that is our policy and that is our declaration
④ We shall be fortified and encouraged in our efforts. We shall be strengthened and not weakened in determination and resources.
⑤ Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. Let us redouble our exertions…
（14） repetition 重复
重复使用同一个字眼或意思相近的词，以达到强调的目的。 ① We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. ② He has so long thrived and prospered.
③ We will never parley, we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang. ④ From this nothing will turn us---nothing.
（15） anticlimax 反高潮/突降
(Climax 层进法:逐渐增强达到顶点的修辞法 I came, I saw, I conquered.) 突降法:从有重大意义的内容突然转入平淡内容 Alas！Alas！What shall I do? I've lost my wife and best hat, too!哎呀哎呀！我怎么办呢？我失去了妻子，又丢了最好的帽子！
The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.士兵的职责是保卫祖国和剥土豆皮。
―Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its-oysters‖.
(16) antithesis 对比
对照(或反对)是把意义相反的词、短语、句子放在对称的位置上，以表示事物、行为、品德、条件、效果等相对立或对比的修辞格，以平行结构进行表达，从而突出两个事物的鲜明对比。它相当于汉语对偶中的反对。
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