绗竴绔?/p>
缁嗚優鍩烘湰鐭ヨ瘑
1
锛?/p>
cell theory (
缁嗚優瀛﹁
)
缁嗚優瀛﹁鏄?/p>
1838
锝?/p>
1839
骞撮棿鐢卞痉鍥界殑妞嶇墿瀛﹀鏂借幈鐧诲拰鍔ㄧ墿瀛﹀鏂芥椇鎵�鎻愬嚭
,
鐩村埌
1858
骞存墠杈冨畬鍠勩�傚畠鏄叧浜庣敓鐗╂湁鏈轰綋缁勬垚鐨勫璇达紝涓昏鍐呭鏈夛細鈶?nbsp;缁嗚優鏄湁鏈轰綋锛?/p>
涓�鍒囧姩妞嶇墿閮芥槸
鐢卞崟缁嗚優鍙戣偛鑰屾潵锛?/p>
鍗崇敓鐗╂槸鐢辩粏鑳炲拰缁嗚優鐨勪骇鐗╂墍缁勬垚锛涒憽 鎵�鏈夌粏鑳炲湪缁撴瀯鍜岀粍鎴愪笂鍩烘湰鐩镐技锛涒憿 鏂扮粏
鑳炴槸鐢卞凡瀛樺湪鐨勭粏鑳炲垎瑁傝�屾潵锛涒懀 鐢熺墿鐨勭柧鐥呮槸鍥犱负鍏剁粏鑳炴満鑳藉け甯搞�?/p>
2
锛?/p>
prokaryotic
cell
(
鍘熸牳缁嗚優
)
缁勬垚鍘熸牳鐢熺墿鐨勭粏鑳炪�傝繖绫荤粏鑳炰富瑕佺壒寰佹槸娌℃湁鏄庢樉鍙鐨勭粏鑳炴牳
,
鍚屾椂
涔熸病鏈夋牳鑶滃拰鏍镐粊
,
鍙湁鎷熸牳锛岃繘鍖栧湴浣嶈緝浣庛�傜敱鍘熸牳缁嗚優鏋勬垚鐨勭敓鐗╃О涓哄師鏍哥敓鐗?/p>
3
锛?/p>
eukaryotic cell
锛堢湡鏍哥粏鑳烇級鏋勬垚鐪熸牳鐢熺墿鐨勭粏鑳炵О涓虹湡鏍哥粏鑳烇紝鍏锋湁鍏稿瀷鐨勭粏鑳炵粨鏋?/p>
,
鏈夋槑鏄剧殑缁嗚優
鏍搞�佹牳鑶溿�佹牳浠佸拰鏍稿熀璐?/p>
;
閬椾紶淇℃伅閲忓ぇ锛屽苟涓旀湁鐗瑰寲鐨勮啘鐩哥粨鏋勩�傜湡鏍哥粏鑳炵殑绉嶇被绻佸
,
鏃㈠寘鎷ぇ閲忕殑鍗?/p>
缁嗚優鐢熺墿鍜屽師鐢熺敓鐗?/p>
(
濡傚師鐢熷姩鐗╁拰涓�浜涜椈绫荤粏鑳?/p>
),
鍙堝寘鎷叏閮ㄧ殑澶氱粏鑳炵敓鐗?/p>
(
涓�鍒囧姩妞嶇墿
)
鐨勭粏鑳炪�?/p>
4
锛?/p>
cell
plasma
(
缁嗚優璐?/p>
)
鏄粏鑳炲唴闄ゆ牳浠ュ鐨勫師鐢熻川
,
鍗崇粏鑳炰腑缁嗚優鏍镐互澶栧拰缁嗚優鑶滀互鍐呯殑鍘熺敓璐ㄩ儴鍒?/p>
,
鍖?/p>
鎷�忔槑鐨勭矘娑茬姸鐨勮優璐ㄦ憾鑳跺強鎮诞浜庡叾涓殑缁嗚優鍣ㄣ�?/p>
5. protoplasm (
鍘熺敓璐?/p>
)
鐢熸椿缁嗚優涓墍鏈夌殑鐢熸椿鐗╄川
,
鍖呮嫭缁嗚優鏍稿拰缁嗚優璐ㄣ�?/p>
6. protoplast (
鍘熺敓璐ㄤ綋
)
鑴卞幓缁嗚優澹佺殑缁嗚優鍙師鐢熻川浣?/p>
,
鏄竴鐢熺墿宸ョ▼瀛︾殑姒傚康銆傚妞嶇墿缁嗚優鍜岀粏鑿?/p>
(
鎴?/p>
鍏跺畠鏈夌粏鑳炲鐨勭粏鑳?/p>
)
閫氳繃閰惰В浣跨粏鑳炲婧惰В鑰屽緱鍒扮殑鍏锋湁璐ㄨ啘鐨勫師鐢熻川鐞冪姸浣撱�傚姩鐗╃粏鑳炲氨鐩稿綋浜庡師鐢熻川
浣撱�?/p>
7.
mycoplasma
(
鏀師浣?/p>
)
鏄渶绠�鍗曠殑鍘熸牳缁嗚優锛屾敮鍘熶綋鐨勫ぇ灏忎粙浜庣粏鑿屼笌鐥呮瘨涔嬮棿
,
鐩村緞涓?/p>
0.1
锝?/p>
0.3
um,
绾?/p>
涓虹粏鑿岀殑鍗佸垎涔嬩竴
,
鑳藉閫氳繃婊よ弻鍣ㄣ�傛敮鍘熶綋褰㈡�佸鍙?/p>
,
鏈夊渾褰€�佷笣鐘舵垨姊ㄥ舰锛屽厜闀滀笅闅句互鐪嬫竻鍏剁粨鏋勩�傛敮鍘?/p>
浣撳叿鏈夌粏鑳炶啘锛屼絾娌℃湁缁嗚優澹併�傚畠鏈変竴鐜姸鍙岃灪鏃?/p>
DNA
锛屾病鏈夌被浼肩粏鑿岀殑鏍稿尯
(
鎷熸牳
),
鑳芥寚瀵煎悎鎴?/p>
700
澶氱
铔嬬櫧璐ㄣ�傛敮鍘熶綋缁嗚優涓儫涓�鍙鐨勭粏鑳炲櫒鏄牳绯栦綋锛屾瘡涓粏鑳炰腑绾︽湁
800
锝?/p>
1500
涓�傛敮鍘熶綋鍙互鍦ㄥ煿鍏诲熀涓?/p>
鍩瑰吇锛屼篃鑳藉湪瀵勪富缁嗚優涓箒娈栥�?/p>
8.
archaebacteria
(
鍙ょ粏鑿?/p>
)
涓�绫荤壒娈婄粏鑿岋紝鍦ㄧ郴缁熷彂鑲蹭笂鏃笉灞炵湡鏍哥敓鐗╋紝涔熶笉灞炲師鏍哥敓鐗┿�傚畠浠叿鏈夊師
鏍哥敓鐗╃殑鏌愪簺鐗瑰緛
(
濡傛棤缁嗚優鏍稿強缁嗚優鍣?/p>
)
锛?/p>
涔熸湁鐪熸牳鐢熺墿鐨勭壒寰?/p>
(
濡備互鐢茬～姘ㄩ吀璧峰铔嬬櫧璐ㄧ殑鍚堟垚锛?/p>
鏍哥硸浣撳
姘湁绱犱笉鏁忔劅
)
锛岃繕鍏锋湁瀹冧滑鐙湁鐨勪竴浜涚壒寰?/p>
(
濡傜粏鑳炲鐨勭粍鎴愶紝鑶滆剛璐ㄧ殑绫诲瀷
)
銆傚洜涔嬫湁浜鸿涓哄彜缁嗚弻浠ｈ〃鐢?/p>
涓�鍏卞悓绁栧厛浼犳潵鐨勭涓夌晫鐢熺墿
(
鍙ょ粏鑿岋紝鍘熸牳鐢熺墿锛岀湡鏍哥敓鐗?/p>
)
銆傚畠浠寘鎷吀鎬у棞鐑弻锛屾瀬绔棞鐩愯弻鍙婄敳鐑峰井
鐢熺墿銆傚彲鑳戒唬琛ㄤ簡娲荤粏鑳炵殑鏌愪簺鏈�鏃╂湡鐨勫舰寮忋�?/p>
9. Bacteria, eubacteria (
鐪熺粏鑿?/p>
)
闄ゅ彜缁嗚弻浠ュ鐨勬墍鏈夌粏鑿屽潎绉颁负鐪熺粏鑿屻�傛渶鍒濈敤浜庤〃绀衡�滅湡鈥濈粏鑿岀殑鍚?/p>
璇嶄富瑕佹槸涓轰簡涓庡叾浠栫粏鑿岀浉鍖哄埆銆?/p>
10.
mesosome
(
涓啘浣?/p>
)
涓啘浣撳張绉伴棿浣撴垨璐ㄨ啘浣?/p>
,
鏄粏鑿岀粏鑳炶川鑶滃悜缁嗚優璐ㄥ唴闄锋姌鐨卞舰鎴愮殑銆傛瘡涓粏鑳炴湁
涓�涓垨鏁颁釜涓啘浣擄紝鍏朵腑鍚湁缁嗚優鑹茬礌鍜岀惀鐝�閰歌劚姘㈤叾
,
涓虹粏鑳炴彁渚涘懠鍚搁叾
,
鍏锋湁绫讳技绾跨矑浣撶殑浣滅敤
,
鏁呭張
绉颁负鎷熺嚎绮掍綋銆?/p>
11.
centroplasm
锛堜腑蹇冭川锛夊湪鍏夐暅涓嬭瀵熷埌鐨勮摑钘荤粏鑳炰腑澶儴浣嶈緝鍛ㄥ洿鍘熺敓璐ㄦ槑浜紝鏄仐浼犵墿璐?/p>
DNA
鎵�鍦ㄩ儴
浣嶏紝瀹冪浉褰撲簬缁嗚弻鐨勬牳鍖猴紝鎴愪负涓績璐紝涔熸湁绉颁腑澶川銆?/p>
12. nucleoid (
鎷熸牳
)
缁嗚弻缁嗚優鍏锋湁鍘熷鐨勬牳
,
娌℃湁鏍歌啘
,
鏇存病鏈夋牳浠?/p>
,
缁撴瀯绠�鍗?/p>
,
涓轰簡涓庣湡鏍哥粏鑳炰腑鍏稿瀷鐨勭粏
鑳炴牳鏈夋墍鍖哄埆
,
绉颁负鏍稿尯锛?/p>
nuclearregion)
銆佹嫙鏍?/p>
(nucleoid)
鎴栧師濮嬫牳锛?/p>
primitive form nucleus
锛?/p>
锛屼害绉扮粏
鑿屾煋鑹蹭綋銆?/p>
13. symplast (
鍏辫川浣?/p>
)
妞嶇墿鍘熺敓璐ㄤ綋闂撮�氳繃鑳為棿杩炰笣鐩歌繛鎺ワ紝浣挎暣涓鐗╀綋鐨勫師鐢熻川杩炴垚涓虹殑涓�涓暣浣撱�?/p>
锛?/p>
2
锛夊鏍哥殑鍚堣優浣撱�?/p>
14. syncytium ; syncytia (
鍚堣優浣?/p>
)
鍚湁鐢变竴灞傜粏鑳炶啘鍖呯粫鐨勫涓牳鐨勭粏鑳炶川鍥€�傞�氬父鏄敱浜庝袱涓互涓婄粏
鑳炲彂鐢熻瀺鍚堟垨涓�涓粏鑳炲垎瑁備笉瀹屽叏鎵�鑷达紝鍚庤�呮潵鑷簬鏍稿彂鐢熶簡鍒嗚锛岃�屾湭鍙戠敓缁嗚優璐ㄥ垎瑁傘�?/p>
15. gene theory
锛堝熀鍥犲璇达級鍏充簬鍩哄洜鍜屾�х姸涔嬮棿瀛樺湪纭畾鐨勫洜鏋滃叧绯荤殑瀛﹁銆備富瑕佸唴瀹癸細鈶?nbsp;绉嶈川
(
鍩哄洜
)
鏄繛缁殑閬椾紶鐗╄川锛涒憽 鍩哄洜鏄煋鑹蹭綋涓婄殑閬椾紶鍗曚綅锛屾湁寰堥珮绋冲畾鎬ц兘鑷垜澶嶅埗鍜屽彂鐢熷彉寮傦紱鈶?nbsp;鍦ㄤ釜浣撳彂鑲?/p>
涓紝鍩哄洜鍦ㄤ竴瀹氭潯浠朵笅锛屾帶鍒剁潃涓�瀹氱殑浠ｈ阿杩囩▼
,
琛ㄧ幇鐩稿簲鐨勯仐浼犵壒鎬у拰鐗瑰緛锛涒懀鐢熺墿杩涘寲
,
涓昏鏄熀鍥犲強鍏?/p>
绐佸彉绛夈�傝繖鏄瀛熷痉灏旈仐浼犲璇寸殑閲嶅ぇ鍙戝睍锛屼篃鏄繖涓�鍘嗗彶鏃舵湡鐨勫法澶ф垚灏便�?/p>
16
锛?/p>
ultrastructure (submicroscopic structure)
瓒呭井缁撴瀯锛堜簹缁嗚優缁撴瀯锛夊張绉颁负浜氭樉寰粨鏋勩�傛寚鍦ㄦ櫘閫?/p>
鍏夊鏄惧井闀滀笅瑙傚療涓嶈兘鍒嗚鲸娓呮锛屼絾鍦ㄧ數瀛愭樉寰暅涓嬭兘瑙傛祴鍒扮殑缁嗚優鍐呭悇绉嶅井缁嗙粨鏋勶紝濡傚悇绉嶇粏鑳炲櫒銆?/p>
绗簩绔?/p>
缁嗚優鐢熺墿鐮旂┒鏂规硶