涓�銆侀噸瑕佺殑鐗╃悊鎬ц川
1
锛庢湁鏈虹墿鐨勬憾瑙ｆ�?/p>
锛?/p>
1
锛夐毦婧朵簬姘寸殑鏈夛細鍚勭被鐑冦�佸崵浠ｇ儍銆佺鍩哄寲鍚堢墿銆侀叝銆佺粷澶у鏁伴珮鑱氱墿銆侀珮绾х殑锛堟寚鍒嗗瓙涓⒊鍘熷瓙鏁扮洰杈冨鐨勶紝涓嬪悓锛夐唶銆侀啗銆佺晶閰哥瓑銆?/p>
锛?/p>
2
锛夋槗婧朵簬姘寸殑鏈夛細浣庣骇鐨?/p>
[
涓�鑸寚
N(C
)
鈮?/p>
4]
閱囥�?/p>
锛堥啔锛?/p>
銆侀啗銆?/p>
锛堥叜锛?/p>
銆佺晶閰稿強鐩愩�佹皑鍩洪吀鍙婄洂銆佸崟绯栥�佷簩绯栥�?/p>
锛堝畠浠兘鑳戒笌姘村舰鎴愭阿閿級
銆?/p>
浜屻�侀噸瑕佺殑鍙嶅簲
1
锛庤兘浣挎捍姘达紙
Br
2
/H
2
O
锛夎お鑹茬殑鐗╄川
锛?/p>
1
锛夋湁鏈虹墿鈶?/p>
閫氳繃鍔犳垚鍙嶅簲浣夸箣瑜壊锛氬惈鏈?/p>
銆佲�?/p>
C
鈮?/p>
C
鈥旂殑涓嶉ケ鍜屽寲鍚堢墿
鈶?/p>
閫氳繃鍙栦唬鍙嶅簲浣夸箣瑜壊锛氶厷绫?/p>
娉ㄦ剰锛?/p>
鑻厷婧舵恫閬囨祿婧存按鏃讹紝闄よお鑹茬幇璞′箣澶栬繕浜х敓鐧借壊娌夋穩銆傗憿
閫氳繃姘у寲鍙嶅簲浣夸箣瑜壊锛氬惈鏈?/p>
鈥?/p>
CHO
锛堥啗鍩猴級鐨勬湁鏈虹墿
锛堟湁姘村弬鍔犲弽搴旓級
娉ㄦ剰锛?/p>
绾噣鐨勫彧鍚湁
鈥?/p>
CHO
锛堥啗鍩猴級鐨勬湁鏈虹墿涓嶈兘浣挎捍鐨勫洓姘寲纰虫憾娑茶お鑹?/p>
鈶?/p>
閫氳繃钀冨彇浣夸箣瑜壊锛氭恫鎬佺兎鐑冦�佺幆鐑风儍銆佽嫰鍙婂叾鍚岀郴鐗┿�侀ケ
鍜屽崵浠ｇ儍銆侀ケ鍜岄叝
锛?/p>
2
锛夋棤鏈虹墿鈶?/p>
閫氳繃涓庣⒈鍙戠敓姝у寲鍙嶅簲
3
Br
2
+ 6OH
-
== 5Br
-
+
BrO
3
-
+
3H
2
O
鎴?/p>
Br
2
+ 2OH
-
== Br
-
+
BrO
-
+
H
2
O
鈶?/p>
涓庤繕鍘熸�х墿璐ㄥ彂鐢熸哀鍖栬繕鍘熷弽搴旓紝濡?/p>
H
2
S
銆?/p>
S
2-
銆?/p>
SO
2
銆?/p>
SO
3
2
-
銆?/p>
I
-
銆?/p>
Fe
2+
2
锛庤兘浣块吀鎬ч珮閿伴吀閽炬憾娑?/p>
KMnO4/H+
瑜壊鐨勭墿璐?/p>
1
锛夋湁鏈虹墿锛氬惈鏈?/p>
銆佲�?/p>
C鈮
鈥斻�佲�?/p>
OH
锛堣緝鎱級
銆佲�?/p>
CHO
鐨勭墿璐?/p>
鑻幆鐩歌繛鐨勪晶閾剧⒊涓婃湁姘㈠師瀛愮殑鑻殑鍚岀郴鐗╋紙浣?/p>
鑻笉鍙嶅簲
锛?/p>
2
锛夋棤鏈虹墿锛氫笌杩樺師鎬х墿璐ㄥ彂鐢熸哀鍖栬繕鍘熷弽搴旓紝濡?/p>
H
2
S
銆?/p>
S
2-
銆?/p>
SO
2
銆?/p>
SO
3
2
-
銆?/p>
Br
-
銆?/p>
I
-
銆?/p>
Fe
2+
3
锛庝笌
Na
鍙嶅簲鐨勬湁鏈虹墿锛氬惈鏈夆�?/p>
OH
銆佲�?/p>
COOH
鐨勬湁鏈虹墿
涓?/p>
NaOH
鍙嶅簲鐨勬湁鏈虹墿锛氬父娓╀笅锛屾槗涓?/p>
鈥?/p>
COOH
鐨勬湁鏈虹墿鍙嶅簲鍔犵儹鏃讹紝鑳戒笌鍗や唬鐑冦�侀叝鍙嶅簲锛堝彇浠ｅ弽搴旓級
涓?/p>
Na
2
CO
3
鍙嶅簲鐨勬湁鏈虹墿锛氬惈鏈夆�?/p>
COOH
鐨勬湁鏈虹墿鍙嶅簲鐢熸垚缇ч吀閽狅紝骞舵斁鍑?/p>
CO
2
姘斾綋锛?/p>
涓?/p>
NaHCO
3
鍙嶅簲鐨勬湁鏈虹墿锛氬惈鏈夆�?/p>
COOH
鐨勬湁鏈虹墿鍙嶅簲鐢熸垚缇ч吀閽犲苟鏀惧嚭绛夌墿璐ㄧ殑閲忕殑
CO
2
姘斾綋銆?/p>
4
锛庢棦鑳戒笌寮洪吀锛屽張鑳戒笌寮虹⒈鍙嶅簲鐨勭墿璐?/p>
锛?/p>
1
锛夋皑鍩洪吀锛屽鐢樻皑閰哥瓑
H
2
NCH
2
COOH + HCl 鈫?nbsp;HOOCCH
2
NH
3
Cl
H
2
NCH
2
COOH + NaOH
鈫?/p>
H
2
NCH
2
COONa + H
2
O
锛?/p>
2
锛夎泲鐧借川鍒嗗瓙涓殑鑲介摼鐨勯摼绔垨鏀摼涓婁粛鏈夊憟閰告�х殑鈥?/p>
COOH
鍜屽憟纰辨�х殑鈥?/p>
NH
2
锛屾晠铔嬬櫧璐ㄤ粛鑳戒笌纰卞拰閰稿弽搴斻�?/p>
5
锛庨摱闀滃弽搴旂殑鏈夋満鐗?/p>
锛?/p>
1
锛夊彂鐢熼摱闀滃弽搴旂殑鏈夋満鐗╋細鍚湁鈥?/p>
CHO
鐨勭墿璐細閱涖�佺敳閰搞�佺敳閰哥洂銆佺敳閰搁叝銆佽繕鍘熸�х硸锛堣憽钀勭硸銆侀害鑺界硸绛夛級
锛?/p>
2
锛夐摱姘ㄦ憾娑?/p>
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
OH]
锛堝浼﹁瘯鍓傦級鐨勯厤鍒讹細
鍚戜竴瀹氶噺
2%
鐨?/p>
AgNO
3
婧舵恫涓�愭淮鍔犲叆
2%
鐨勭█姘ㄦ按鑷冲垰鍒氫骇鐢熺殑娌夋穩鎭板ソ瀹屽叏婧惰В娑堝け銆?/p>
锛?/p>
3
锛夊弽搴旀潯浠讹細
纰辨�с�佹按娴村姞鐑?/p>
锛庯紟锛庯紟锛庯紟锛?/p>
閰告�ф潯浠朵笅锛屽垯鏈?/p>
Ag(NH
3
)
2
+
+ OH
-
+ 3H
+
== Ag
+
+ 2NH
4
+
+ H
2
O
鑰岃鐮村潖銆?/p>
锛?/p>
4
锛夊疄楠岀幇璞★細鈶犲弽搴旀恫鐢辨緞娓呭彉鎴愮伆榛戣壊娴戞祳锛涒憽璇曠鍐呭鏈夐摱鐧借壊閲戝睘鏋愬嚭
锛?/p>
5
锛夋湁鍏冲弽搴旀柟绋嬪紡锛?/p>
AgNO
3
+ NH
3
路
H
2
O ==
AgOH鈫?/p>
+ NH
4
NO
3
AgOH + 2NH
3
路
H
2
O == Ag(NH
3
)
2
OH + 2H
2
O
閾堕暅鍙嶅簲鐨勪竴鑸�氬紡锛?/p>
RCHO + 2Ag(NH
3
)
2
OH
2 A
g
鈫?/p>
+ RCOONH
4
+ 3NH
3
+ H
2
O
銆愯蹇嗚瘈绐嶃�?/p>
锛?/p>
1
鈥旀按锛堢洂锛?/p>
銆?/p>
2
鈥旈摱銆?/p>
3
鈥旀皑
鐢查啗锛堢浉褰撲簬涓や釜閱涘熀锛?/p>
锛?/p>
HCHO + 4Ag(NH
3
)
2
OH
4Ag鈫? (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ 6NH
3
+ 2H
2
O
涔欎簩閱涳細
OHC-CHO + 4Ag(NH
3
)
2
OH
4Ag鈫? (NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
+ 6NH
3
+ 2H
2
O
鐢查吀锛?/p>
HCOOH + 2 Ag(NH
3
)
2
OH
2 A
g
鈫?/p>
+ (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ 2NH
3
+ H
2
O
钁¤悇绯栵細
锛堣繃閲忥級
CH
2
OH(CHOH)
4
CHO +2Ag(NH
3
)
2
OH
2A
g
鈫?/p>
+CH
2
OH(CHOH)
4
COONH
4
+3NH
3
+ H
2
O
锛?/p>
6
锛夊畾閲忓叧绯伙細
鈥?/p>
CHO
锝?/p>
2Ag(NH)
2
OH
锝?/p>
2 Ag
HCHO
锝?/p>
4Ag(NH)
2
OH
锝?/p>
4 Ag
6
锛庝笌鏂板埗
Cu(OH)2
鎮祳娑诧紙鏂愭灄璇曞墏锛夌殑鍙嶅簲
锛?/p>
1
锛夋湁鏈虹墿锛氱晶閰革紙涓拰锛?/p>
銆佺敳閰革紙鍏堜腑鍜岋紝浣?/p>
NaOH
浠嶈繃閲忥紝鍚庢哀鍖栵級
銆侀啗銆佽繕鍘熸�х硸锛堣憽钀勭硸銆侀害鑺界硸锛?/p>
銆佺敇娌圭瓑澶氱緹鍩哄寲鍚堢墿銆?/p>
锛?/p>
2
锛夋枑鏋楄瘯鍓傜殑閰嶅埗锛氬悜涓�瀹氶噺
10%
鐨?/p>
NaOH
婧舵恫涓紝婊村姞鍑犳淮
2%
鐨?/p>
CuSO
4
婧舵恫锛屽緱鍒拌摑鑹茬诞鐘舵偓娴婃恫锛堝嵆鏂愭灄璇曞墏锛?/p>
銆?/p>
锛?/p>
3
锛夊弽搴旀潯浠讹細
纰辫繃閲忋�佸姞鐑叜娌?/p>
锛庯紟锛庯紟锛庯紟锛庯紟
锛?/p>
4
锛夊疄楠岀幇璞★細
鈶?/p>
鑻ユ湁鏈虹墿鍙湁瀹樿兘鍥㈤啗鍩猴紙鈥?/p>
CHO
锛?/p>
锛屽垯婊村叆鏂板埗鐨勬阿姘у寲閾滄偓娴婃恫涓紝甯告俯鏃舵棤鍙樺寲锛屽姞鐑叜娌稿悗鏈夛紙鐮栵級绾㈣壊娌夋穩鐢熸垚锛?/p>
鈶?/p>
鑻ユ湁鏈虹墿涓哄缇熷熀
閱涳紙濡傝憽钀勭硸锛?/p>
锛屽垯婊村叆鏂板埗鐨勬阿姘у寲閾滄偓娴婃恫涓紝甯告俯鏃舵憾瑙ｅ彉鎴愮粵钃濊壊婧舵恫锛屽姞鐑叜娌稿悗鏈夛紙鐮栵級绾㈣壊娌夋穩鐢熸垚锛?/p>
锛?/p>
5
锛夋湁鍏冲弽搴旀柟绋嬪紡锛?/p>
2NaOH + CuSO
4
== Cu(OH)
2
鈫?/p>
+ Na
2
SO
4
RCHO + 2Cu(OH)
2
RCOOH + Cu
2
O鈫?/p>
+ 2H
2
O
HCHO + 4Cu(OH)
2
CO
2
+ 2Cu
2
O鈫?/p>
+ 5H
2
O
OHC-CHO + 4Cu(OH)
2
HOOC-COOH + 2Cu
2
O鈫?/p>
+ 4H
2
O
HCOOH + 2Cu(OH)
2
CO
2
+ Cu
2
O鈫?/p>
+ 3H
2
O
CH
2
OH(CHOH)
4
CHO + 2Cu(OH)
2
CH
2
OH(CHOH)
4
COOH + Cu
2
O鈫?/p>
+ 2H
2
O
锛?/p>
6
锛夊畾閲忓叧绯伙細
鈥?/p>
COOH
锝灺?/p>
Cu(OH)
2
锝灺?/p>
Cu
2+
锛堥吀浣夸笉婧舵�х殑纰辨憾瑙ｏ級
鈥?/p>
CHO
锝?/p>
2Cu(OH)
2
锝?/p>
Cu
2
O
HCHO
锝?/p>
4Cu(OH)
2
锝?/p>
2Cu
2
O
7
锛庤兘鍙戠敓姘磋В鍙嶅簲鐨勬湁鏈虹墿鏄細鍗や唬鐑冦�侀叝銆佺硸绫伙紙鍗曠硸闄ゅ锛?/p>
銆佽偨绫伙紙鍖呮嫭铔嬬櫧璐級
銆?/p>
HX + NaOH == NaX + H
2
O
(H)RCOOH + NaOH == (H)RCOONa + H
2
O
RCOOH + NaOH == RCOONa + H2O
鎴?/p>
8
锛庤兘璺?/p>
FeCl
3
婧舵恫鍙戠敓鏄捐壊鍙嶅簲鐨勬槸锛氶厷绫诲寲鍚堢墿銆?/p>
9
锛庤兘璺?/p>
I
2
鍙戠敓鏄捐壊鍙嶅簲鐨勬槸锛氭穩绮夈�?/p>
10
锛庤兘璺熸祿纭濋吀鍙戠敓棰滆壊鍙嶅簲鐨勬槸锛氬惈鑻幆鐨勫ぉ鐒惰泲鐧借川銆?/p>
涓夈�佸悇绫荤儍鐨勪唬琛ㄧ墿鐨勭粨鏋勩�佺壒鎬?/p>
绫?/p>
鍒?/p>
鐑?/p>
鐑?/p>
鐑?/p>
鐑?/p>
鐐?/p>
鐑?/p>
鑻強鍚岀郴鐗?/p>
閫?/p>
寮?/p>
C
n
H
2n+2
(n
鈮?/p>
1)
C
n
H
2n
(n
鈮?/p>
2)
C
n
H
2n-2
(n
鈮?/p>
2)
C
n
H
2n-6
(n
鈮?/p>
6)