1
绗竴绔?/p>
缁忓吀閬椾紶瀛︾殑璇炵敓
飦?/p>
閬椾紶瀛︼紙
genetics
锛?/p>
鐮旂┒鐢熺墿
閬椾紶鍜屽彉寮傝寰?/p>
鐨勭瀛?/p>
飦?/p>
閬椾紶
(heredity)
锛?/p>
鐢熺墿
鎬х姸鎴栦俊鎭?/p>
涓栦唬浼犻�掍腑鐨?/p>
浜插瓙闂?/p>
鐨勭浉浼肩幇璞°�?/p>
飦?/p>
鍙樺紓
(variation)
锛?/p>
鐢熺墿鎬х姸鍦?/p>
涓栦唬浼犻�?/p>
杩囩▼涓嚭鐜扮殑
宸紓
鐜拌薄銆?/p>
鍩哄洜姒傚康鐨勫彂灞?/p>
1866
锛屽勾
Mendel
鍦ㄤ粬鐨勮睂璞嗘潅浜ゅ疄楠岃鏂囦腑棣栨鎻愬嚭
閬椾紶鎬х姸鏄敱閬椾紶鍥犲瓙
鎺у埗鐨勫亣璇达紱
1909
骞达紝涓归害瀛﹁�?/p>
Johannson
绗竴娆℃彁鍑衡�滃熀鍥狅紙
gene
锛夆�濊繖涓�鏈锛屾硾鎸囬偅浜涙帶鍒朵换浣曟�х姸锛屽張渚濆瓱寰峰皵瑙勫緥鐨勯仐
浼犲洜瀛愶紱
1911
锛?/p>
Morgan
閫氳繃瀵规灉铦囩殑鐮旂┒锛岃瘉鏄?/p>
鍩哄洜鍦ㄦ煋鑹蹭綋涓婂憟鐩寸嚎鎺掑垪
锛岃嚦姝ょ粡鍏搁仐浼犲鎶婂熀鍥犵湅浣滄槸涓嶅彲鍒嗗壊鐨勭粨鏋勫崟
浣嶅拰鍔熻兘鍗曚綅锛屾槸鍐冲畾閬椾紶鎬х姸鐨勫姛鑳藉崟浣嶅拰绐佸彉銆侀噸缁?/p>
鈥滀笁浣嶄竴浣撯�濈殑鏈�灏忓崟浣嶏紱
1941
骞寸編鍥界敓鐗╁瀹舵瘮寰峰皵鍜屽鐗瑰璇佹槑
閰舵湁鎺у埗鍩哄洜鐨勪綔鐢?/p>
锛?/p>
璁や负涓�涓熀鍥犵殑鍔熻兘鐩稿綋浜庝竴涓壒瀹氱殑铔嬬櫧璐?/p>
锛堥叾锛?/p>
锛?/p>
鍩哄洜鍜岄叾鐨勭壒鎬ф槸鍚屼竴搴忓垪鐨勶紝姣忎竴鍩哄洜绐佸彉閮藉奖鍝嶇潃閰剁殑娲绘�э紝浜庢槸鍦?/p>
1946
骞存彁鍑轰簡鈥滀竴涓熀鍥犱竴涓叾鈥濈殑鍋囪锛?/p>
濂犲畾浜嗗熀鍥犲拰閰朵箣闂存帶鍒跺叧绯荤殑姒傚康锛屽紑鍒涗簡鐜颁唬鐢熺墿鍖栧閬椾紶瀛︺�?/p>
1944
骞达紝
O.T.Avery
閫氳繃
鑲虹値鐞冭弻鐨勮浆鍖?/p>
璇曢獙锛岃瘉鏄庡熀鍥犵殑鍖栧鎴愬垎涓?/p>
DNA,
鍩哄洜鏄?/p>
DNA
鍒嗗瓙涓婄殑鍔熻兘鍗曚綅锛?/p>
1955
骞达紝
S.Benzer
鏍规嵁渚垫煋
澶ц偁鏉嗚弻鐨?/p>
T4
鍣弻浣?/p>
鍩哄洜缁撴瀯鐨勫垎鏋愶紝璇佹槑浜嗗熀鍥犵殑鍙垎鎬э紝鎻愬嚭浜嗙獊鍙樺瓙銆侀噸缁勫瓙鍜?/p>
椤哄弽瀛愮殑姒傚康銆?/p>
飦?/p>
鎬х姸
(trait/character):
鐢熺墿浣撴墍琛ㄧ幇鐨?/p>
褰㈡�佺壒寰?/p>
鍜?/p>
鐢熺悊鐗规�?/p>
锛屽苟鑳戒粠浜蹭唬
閬椾紶
缁欏瓙浠ｃ�?/p>
鐩稿鎬х姸锛?/p>
contrasting character
锛?/p>
鍚屼竴鍗曚綅鎬х姸
鍦?/p>
涓嶅悓涓綋闂?/p>
鎵�琛ㄧ幇鍑烘潵鐨?/p>
鐩稿宸紓
銆?/p>
寮傝姳鎺堢矇锛?/p>
cross-fertilized
锛?/p>
=
鏉備氦锛?/p>
hybridization
锛?/p>
鏄炬�ф�х姸锛?/p>
dominant character
锛?/p>
闅愬舰鎬х姸锛?/p>
recessive character
锛?/p>
绾悎瀛愶紙
homozygote
锛?/p>
/
鏉傚悎瀛愶紙
heterozygote
锛?/p>
飦?/p>
琛ㄥ瀷锛?/p>
phenotype
锛?/p>
鐢熺墿浣撹〃鐜板嚭鐨勫彲瑙傛祴鐨勬�х姸
鍩哄洜鍨嬶紙
genotype
锛?/p>
涓綋鐨?/p>
鍩哄洜缁勫悎
锛屽嵆
閬椾紶缁勬垚
瀛熷痉灏旀彁鍑轰互涓嬪亣璇?/p>
鈶犵敓鐗╃殑閬椾紶鎬х姸鏄敱閬椾紶鍥犲瓙锛?/p>
hereditary determinant
锛夊喅瀹氱殑銆?/p>
鈶℃瘡妫垫鏍殑姣忎竴绉嶆�х姸閮藉垎鍒敱涓�瀵归仐浼犲洜瀛愭帶鍒躲�?/p>
鈶㈡瘡涓�涓敓娈栫粏鑳烇紙鑺辩矇鎴栧嵉缁嗚優锛夊彧鍚仐浼犲洜瀛愮殑涓�涓�?/p>
鈶ｆ瘡瀵归仐浼犲洜瀛愪腑锛屼竴涓潵鑷埗鏈殑闆勬�х敓娈栫粏鑳烇紝鍙︿竴涓潵鑷瘝鏈殑闆屾�х敓娈栫粏鑳炪�?/p>
鈶ゅ舰鎴愰厤瀛愮粏鑳炴椂锛屾瘡瀵归仐浼犲洜瀛愮浉浜掑垎寮�锛屼篃灏辨槸鍒嗙锛岀劧鍚庡垎鍒繘鍏ョ敓娈栫粏鑳炪�?/p>
鈶ョ敓娈栫粏鑳炵殑缁撳悎锛堝舰鎴愪竴涓柊鍚堝瓙鎴栦釜浣擄級鏄殢鏈虹殑銆?/p>
鈶︽帶鍒剁孩鑺辩殑閬椾紶鍥犲瓙鍚屾帶鍒剁櫧鑺辩殑閬椾紶鍥犲瓙鏄悓涓�绉嶉仐浼犲洜瀛愮殑涓ょ褰㈠紡锛屽叾涓孩鑺卞鐧借姳鏄樉鎬э紝鐧借姳瀵?/p>
绾㈣姳鏄殣鎬с�?/p>
鍙鏈変竴涓帶鍒剁孩鑺辩殑閬椾紶鍥犲瓙灏变細寮�绾㈣姳锛?/p>
鍙湁涓や釜閬椾紶鍥犲瓙閮芥槸鎺у埗鐧借姳鐨勬鏍墠浼氬紑鐧借姳銆?/p>
飦?/p>
鍒嗙娉曞垯
law of segregation
锛?/p>
F2
缇や綋涓樉闅愭�у垎绂绘瘮渚嬪ぇ鑷翠负
3:1
銆?/p>
飦?/p>
鑷敱缁勫悎娉曞垯
锛氬張绉?/p>
鐙珛鍒嗛厤娉曞垯
law of independent assortment
锛屾寚褰㈡垚鍖呭惈涓や釜浠ヤ笂鐨勭浉瀵规�х姸鐨勬潅绉嶆椂锛?
鍚勫鐩稿鎬х姸涔嬮棿鍚勮嚜鐙珛鍦板彂鐢熻嚜鐢辩粍鍚堛�?/p>
鐙珛鍒嗛厤瑙勫緥鐨勮鐐?/p>
锛氭帶鍒朵袱瀵逛笉鍚屾�х姸鐨勭瓑浣嶅熀鍥犲湪閰嶅瓙褰㈡垚杩囩▼涓紝涓�瀵圭瓑浣嶅熀鍥犱笌鍙︿竴瀵圭瓑浣嶅熀鍥犵殑鍒嗙鍜?/p>
缁勫悎浜掍笉骞叉壈锛屽悇鑷嫭绔嬪垎閰嶅埌閰嶅瓙涔嬩腑銆?/p>
鐙珛鍒嗛厤鐨勫疄璐?/p>
锛氭帶鍒朵袱瀵规�х姸鐨勭瓑浣嶅熀鍥狅紝鍒嗗竷鍦ㄤ笉鍚岀殑鍚屾簮鏌撹壊浣撲笂锛涘噺鏁板垎瑁傛椂锛屾瘡瀵瑰悓婧愭煋鑹蹭綋涓婄瓑浣嶅熀
鍥犲彂鐢熷垎绂伙紝鑰屼綅浜庨潪鍚屾簮鏌撹壊浣撲笂鐨勫熀鍥狅紝鍙互鑷敱缁勫悎銆?/p>
飦?/p>
瀹屾暣鎬ф硶鍒?/p>
锛氭敮閰嶆�х姸鐨勯仐浼犲洜瀛愬湪褰兼缁勫悎褰㈡垚鏉傜鏃讹紝浜掍笉娌炬煋锛屼簰涓嶈瀺鍚堛�傞仐浼犲洜瀛愬湪鏉傜涓粛鐒朵繚鎸佸叾瀹?
鏁存�с�?/p>
飦?/p>
澶嶇瓑浣嶅熀鍥狅紙
Allele, Allomorph
锛?/p>
鍚屼竴鍩哄洜搴э紙
locus
锛夊瓨鍦ㄧ殑涓や釜浠ヤ笂涓嶅悓鐘舵�佺殑鍩哄洜
,
鍏舵�诲拰绉颁箣涓?/p>
澶嶇瓑浣?
鍩哄洜锛?/p>
multiple alleles
锛?/p>
锛堝锛岀孩缁嗚優琛�鍨嬶紝
I
A
銆?/p>
I
B
銆?/p>
i ..
锛?/p>
銆?/p>
飦?/p>
蠂
2
妫�楠?/p>
蠂
2
=
危
n
i=1
锛堝疄闄呴鏁?/p>
-
棰勮棰戞暟锛?/p>
2
/
棰勮棰戞暟
df=n-1
锛堣嚜鐢卞害锛?/p>
p=0.05
锛堟樉钁楀樊寮傦級
p=0.01
锛堟瀬鏄捐憲宸紓锛?/p>
妯″紡鐢熺墿鈥斺�旀灉铦?/p>
1
銆佹灉铦囩殑鐢熸椿鍛ㄦ湡鐭?/p>
銆傚ぇ绾︿负
10
澶╋紝鏂扮窘鍖栫殑闆屾�ф垚铏ぇ绾?/p>
8
灏忔椂鍙氦閰嶏紝绾?/p>
40
灏忔椂寮�濮嬩骇鍗点�?/p>