绗簩绔?/p>
鐑姏瀛︾浜屽畾寰嬬粌涔犻
涓�銆佸垽鏂锛堣娉曟纭惁锛?/p>
锛?/p>
1
锛?/p>
鑷劧鐣屽彂鐢熺殑杩囩▼涓�瀹氭槸涓嶅彲閫嗚繃绋嬨�?/p>
2
锛?/p>
涓嶅彲閫嗚繃绋嬩竴瀹氭槸鑷彂杩囩▼銆?/p>
3
锛庣喌澧炲姞鐨勮繃绋嬩竴瀹氭槸鑷彂杩囩▼銆?/p>
4
锛庣粷鐑彲閫嗚繃绋嬬殑
?
S
=
0
锛岀粷鐑笉鍙�嗚啫鑳�杩囩▼鐨?/p>
?S > 0
锛岀粷鐑笉鍙�嗗帇缂╄繃绋嬬殑
?
S
<
0
銆?/p>
5
锛庝负浜嗚绠楃粷鐑笉鍙�嗚繃绋嬬殑鐔靛彉锛屽彲浠ュ湪濮嬫湯鎬佷箣闂磋璁′竴鏉＄粷鐑彲閫嗛�斿緞鏉ヨ绠椼�?/p>
6
锛?/p>
鐢变簬绯荤粺缁忓惊鐜繃绋嬪悗鍥炲埌濮嬫�侊紝
?S
= 0
锛屾墍浠ヤ竴瀹氭槸涓�涓彲閫嗗惊鐜繃绋嬨�?/p>
7
锛?/p>
骞宠 鎬佺喌鏈�澶с�?/p>
8
锛?/p>
鍦ㄤ换鎰忎竴鍙�嗚繃绋嬩腑
?S = 0
锛屼笉鍙�嗚繃绋嬩腑
?S > 0
銆?/p>
9
锛?/p>
鐞嗘兂姘斾綋缁忕瓑娓╄啫鑳�鍚庯紝鐢变簬
?U = 0
锛屾墍浠ュ惛鐨勭儹鍏ㄩ儴杞寲涓哄姛锛岃繖涓庣儹鍔涘绗簩瀹?/p>
寰嬬煕鐩惧悧
?
10
锛?/p>
鑷彂杩囩▼鐨勭喌鍙?/p>
?S> 0
銆?/p>
H
S
11
锛?/p>
鐩稿彉杩囩▼鐨勭喌鍙樺彲鐢?/p>
T
璁＄畻銆?/p>
12
锛?/p>
褰撶郴缁熷悜鐜浼犵儹鏃?/p>
(
Q
<
0)
锛岀郴缁熺殑鐔典竴瀹氬噺灏戙�?/p>
13
锛庝竴鍒囩墿璐ㄨ捀鍙戞椂锛屾懇灏旂喌閮藉澶с�?/p>
H
S
14
锛庡啺鍦?/p>
0
鈩?/p>
锛?/p>
p
T
15
锛?/p>
鑷彂杩囩▼鐨勬柟鍚戝氨鏄郴缁熸贩涔卞害澧炲姞鐨勬柟鍚戙�?/p>
16
锛?/p>
鍚夊竷鏂嚱鏁板噺灏忕殑杩囩▼涓�瀹氭槸鑷彂杩囩▼銆?/p>
>0
锛屾墍浠ヨ杩囩▼涓鸿嚜鍙戣繃绋嬨�?/p>
17
锛?/p>
鍦ㄧ瓑娓┿�佺瓑鍘嬩笅锛屽悏甯冩柉鍑芥暟鍙樺寲澶т簬闆剁殑鍖栧鍙樺寲閮戒笉鑳借繘琛屻�?/p>
18
锛?/p>
绯荤粺鐢?/p>
V
1
鑶ㄨ儉鍒?/p>
V
2
锛屽叾涓粡杩囧彲閫嗛�斿緞鏃跺仛鐨勫姛鏈�澶氥�?/p>
19
锛庤繃鍐锋按缁撳啺鐨勮繃绋嬫槸鍦ㄦ亽娓┿�佹亽鍘嬨�佷笉鍋氬叾浠栧姛鐨勬潯浠朵笅杩涜鐨勶紝鐢卞熀鏈柟绋嬪彲寰?/p>
?G = 0
銆?/p>
20
锛庣悊鎯虫皵浣撶瓑娓╄嚜鐢辫啫鑳�鏃讹紝
瀵圭幆澧冩病鏈夊仛鍔燂紝
鎵�浠?/p>
- pdV = 0
锛屾杩囩▼娓╁害涓嶅彉锛?/p>
?U =
0
锛屼唬鍏ョ儹鍔涘鍩烘湰鏂圭▼
dU = TdS
-
pdV
锛屽洜鑰屽彲寰?/p>
dS = 0
锛屼负鎭掔喌杩囩▼銆?/p>
21
锛?/p>
鏄潪棰橈細
鈶粹�?/p>
鏌愪綋绯诲浜庝笉鍚岀殑鐘舵�侊紝鍙互鍏锋湁鐩稿悓鐨勭喌鍊?/p>
鈥?/p>
锛屾璇濆鍚︼紵
鈶碘�?/p>
浣撶郴鐘舵�佸彉鍖栦簡锛屾墍鏈夌殑鐘舵�佸嚱鏁伴兘瑕佸彉鍖?/p>
鈥?/p>
锛屾璇濆鍚︼紵
鈶?/p>
缁濈儹鍙�嗙嚎涓庣粷鐑笉鍙�嗙嚎鑳藉惁鏈変袱涓氦鐐癸紵
鈶?/p>
鑷劧鐣屽彲鍚﹀瓨鍦ㄦ俯搴﹂檷浣庯紝鐔靛�煎鍔犵殑杩囩▼锛熶妇涓�渚嬨�?/p>
鈶?/p>
1mol
鐞嗘兂姘斾綋杩涜缁濈儹鑷敱鑶ㄨ儉锛屼綋绉敱
V
1
鍙樺埌
V
2
锛岃兘鍚︾敤鍏紡锛?/p>
璁＄畻璇ヨ繃绋嬬殑鐔靛彉锛?/p>
V
V
2
1
S
R
ln
22
锛?/p>
鍦?/p>
100
鈩?/p>
銆?/p>
p
1mol
姘翠笌
100
鈩?/p>
鐨勫ぇ鐑簮鎺ヨЕ锛屼娇鍏跺悜鐪熺┖瀹瑰櫒涓捀鍙戞垚
100
鈩?/p>
銆?/p>
p
?S
銆?/p>
?S(
鐜?/p>
)
銆?/p>
V
V
2
S
R ln
23
锛?/p>
1
鐨勯�傜敤鏉′欢鏄粈涔堬紵
24
锛?/p>
鎸囧嚭涓嬪垪鍚勮繃绋嬩腑锛岀墿绯荤殑
?U
銆?/p>
?
H
銆?/p>
?S
銆?/p>
?A
銆?/p>
?G
涓綍鑰呬负闆讹紵
鈶?/p>
鐞嗘兂姘斾綋鑷敱鑶ㄨ儉杩囩▼锛?/p>
鈶?/p>
瀹為檯姘斾綋鑺傛祦鑶ㄨ儉杩囩▼锛?/p>
鈶?/p>
鐞嗘兂姘斾綋鐢?/p>
(
p
1
, T
1
)
鐘舵�佺粷鐑彲閫嗗彉鍖栧埌
(p
2
, T
2
)
鐘舵�侊紱
鈶?/p>
H
2
鍜?/p>
Cl
2
鍦ㄥ垰鎬х粷鐑殑瀹瑰櫒涓弽搴旂敓鎴?/p>
HCl
锛?/p>
鈶?/p>
0
鈩?/p>
銆?/p>
p
鈶?/p>
鐞嗘兂姘斾綋鍗¤寰幆銆?/p>
25
锛?/p>
a mol A
涓?/p>
b mol B
鐨勭悊鎯虫皵浣擄紝鍒嗗埆澶勪簬
(T, V
,
p
A
)
涓?/p>
(T, V, p
B
)
鐨勭姸鎬侊紝绛夋俯绛夊娣峰悎
涓?/p>
(T, V, p)
鐘舵�侊紝閭ｄ箞
?U
銆?/p>
?H
銆?/p>
?S
銆?/p>
? A
銆?/p>
?G
浣曡�呭ぇ浜庨浂锛屽皬浜庨浂锛岀瓑浜庨浂锛?/p>
26
锛?/p>
涓�涓垰鎬у瘑闂粷鐑涓紝瑁呮湁
H
2
涓?/p>
Cl
2
娣峰悎姘斾綋锛屾俯搴︿负
298K
锛屼粖鐢ㄥ厜寮曞彂锛屼娇鍏?